Effect of Combined Application of FYM, Fly Ash and Fertilizers on Soil Properties and Paddy Grown on Degraded Land
Bharat Lal1*, Vinod Nayak1, Priyanka Sharma1and K. Tedia1
1Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IGKV, Raipur, India
http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.2.38
进行了实地研究土壤砂质壤土at the KVK farm Janjgir Champa, Chhattisgarh to study the effect of enriched fly ash (FA) on rice and soil characteristics of inceptisol during kharif 2013-14. The test crop was rice var. MTU-1010. The application of different treatment FA combinations increased paddy yield compared to 100% GRD. However the control treatment failed to produce the yield in degraded land. Among the treatments, the 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+5t FYMha-1gave highest paddy yield (42.6 q ha-1) than all other treatments. The straw yield was not significantly influenced by FA treatments, but the beneficial effect of enriched fly ash on higher rice straw yield was observed. Application of 75% GRD + fly ash@ 60 t ha-1+ FYM @ 5 t ha-1recorded the highest soil available phosphorus, potassium and zinc compared to other treatments and soil available N was highest in application of 75% GRD + fly ash@ 40 t ha-1+ FYM @ 5 t ha-1。The soilavailable Cu,Mn and Fe content were not significantly influenced by different combination of FYM, FA and Fertilizers. The organic carbon storage on degraded land increased significantly with the application 75% GRD + fly ash@ 60 t ha-1+ FYM @ 5 t ha-1(6043.33 kg ha-1) than the 100% GRD and control.
Fly Ash; FYM; Rice; Soil Properties; Yield
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Lal B, Nayak V, Sharma P, Tedia K. Effect of Combined Application of FYM, Fly Ash and Fertilizers on Soil Properties and Paddy Grown on Degraded Land. Curr World Environ 2014;9 (2) DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.2.38
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Lal B, Nayak V, Sharma P, Tedia K. Effect of Combined Application of FYM, Fly Ash and Fertilizers on Soil Properties and Paddy Grown on Degraded Land. Curr World Environ 2014;9(2). Available from://www.a-i-l-s-a.com/?p=6621
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Introduction
Coal is a predominantsource of global energy; at present in India it is major source of electrical energy in thermal power plants, which produce 175 milliontonnes per year fly ash, which would require about 40,000 hectares of land for the construction of ash ponds (Lalet al., 2012). Fly ash an amorphous ferroalumino silicate, Physically fly ash occurs as fine particles (60-70%) with a size below 0.075mm is a byproduct of pulverized coal fired thermal power station low to medium bulk density, high surface area and very light texture with pH rangedfrom 4.5 to 12 depending upon S content in the coal (Lalet al。, 2012). It can act as a secondary source of fertilizer nutrients like P, K , Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo etc. (Totawatet al。, 2002). Fly ash increasedthe yield in various crops by 20-25 % with high nutritional value and found beneficial for soil and crop when fly ash was applied on soil> 10%by weight (Yavarzadehet al。, 2012). Hence, an experiment was conducted with the objective to find out the effect of enriched fly ash on soil health, growth and yield in degraded land.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted in asandy loamsoilat the KVK Research Farm, Janjgir Champa,Chhattisgarh during thekharifseason, 2013-14. Theexperiment design was randomized block design comprised of eight treatment combinations with three levels of fly ash (20, 40 and 60t ha-1) and two levels of FYM ( 0 and 5 t ha-1). Fly ash and FYM applied as perthe treatments before transplanting the rice. All the plots received the 75 percent of general recommendeddose (GRD)of NPKfertilizers (100-60-40 kg ha-1) except control and 100 percent GRD. Thericevar.MTU-1010 was used as the test crop. The fly ashwas collected from Madhya Bharat Paper Ltd. Village – Birgahni Champa Dist.- Janjgir Champa, Chhattisgarh. The nutrient contents of used FYM and Fly ash applied in the experiment was given in Table 1.
The effect of different treatments wasevaluated in terms of soil available major and micro nutrients at crop harvest and the crop yield. Available nitrogen wasestimated by alkaline potassium permanganatemethod(Subbaiah and Asija, 1956). Availablephosphorus content was extracted by Olsen’sreagent and determined by ascorbic acid method (Watanabe and Olsen, 1965). Available potassium was extracted by usingneutral normal ammonium acetate (Muhr et al.,1965) and determined by flame photometer. Organic carbon was determined by Walkley and Black rapid titration method as described by Piper (1957) and storage calculate 0-10 cm depth of soil with having bulk density. Available micronutrients (DTPA extractable) Fe, Mn, Cuand Zn were analyzed by DTPA method usingatomic absorption spectrophotometer (Lindsayand Norvell, 1978).
Results and Discussions
The soil belongs to sandy loam texture and the soil status was low in available nitrogen, phosphorus and high in potassium (Table 3). The soil available micronutrientswere above the critical limits except for Zn (Table 4). The control plots failed to produce the yield due to very low N and P status of soil (fig. 1 and Table 2 ,3).The application ofdifferent treatment combinationsexcept 75% GRD + 20t Fly ash ha-1with and withoutFYM increased the grain yield compared to General recommended dose (GRD). The highest grain yield (42.6 q ha-1) was recordedby application of 75% GRD + 60 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1, which was at parwith 75% GRD+ 40 t FAha-1+5t FYMha-1。因此应用粉煤灰不仅增加了the paddy yield by 30% but also saved the 25% of NPK fertilizer. The straw yield was significantly higher in different treatments over control and further combinationof fly ash with or without FYM was found similar to GRD but showed at most 8.42% increased in straw yield.The supply of nutrients, conductive to physical environmentleading to better aeration, root activity andnutrient absorption and the consequentcomplementary effect by fly ash application with organic and inorganic fertilizer would have resulted inhigher grain and straw yield of rice this finding are in conformity with that of Reddyet al。,(2010). The beneficial effect of fly ash on yield was also reported by Aggarwalet al.(2009) in wheat and sorghum and by Arivazhaganet al。(2011) in rice, wheat, maize, ragi.
An increase in soil available major and micronutrients status ondegraded soil was observed (Table 3 and 4). The soil available N statuswas significantly higher by the application of the treatments over control. The soil test Phosphorus was significantly higher under the combined treatment over 100% GRD and control, the treatments 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+ 5t FYM ha-1and 75% GRD+ 40 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1showed higher soil test P compared to GRD. Similarly in different FA combination treatments 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+ 5t FYM ha-1and 75% GRD+ 40 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1over GRD showed higher available K status in soil, further the fly ash when combined with organic and chemical fertilizer showed remarkable increase in soil available K over 100% GRD. The organic carbon storage was increased with the combination of treatments and was maximum in 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+ 5t FYM ha-1(6063.33 kg ha-1) as compare to GRD and control. The application of 75% GRD + 60 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1has recorded higher available Zn as compare to 100% GRD and control ( Table 4). The Fe , Mn and Cu content was not influenced by the different combination of treatments. The increase in soil available major nutrients status due to fly ash application was reported by Khanet al。(2008) andRamet al。(2011) the increase in available major nutrients except K concluded by Deyet al。(2012).The organic carbon was increased application of FA and FYM reported by Karmakaret al。, (2009). The beneficial effect of fly ash on improvement of soil health in respect of physico-chemical parameters, nutritional status and microbial population may be due to the cumulative effect of improvement in individual physico-chemical characteristics ( Yeledhalliet al.,2008).
Acknowledgement
作者感谢头部和顾问Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur for providing Laboratory facilities and co-operation of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Janjgir Champa is also acknowledged.
References
Coal is a predominantsource of global energy; at present in India it is major source of electrical energy in thermal power plants, which produce 175 milliontonnes per year fly ash, which would require about 40,000 hectares of land for the construction of ash ponds (Lalet al., 2012). Fly ash an amorphous ferroalumino silicate, Physically fly ash occurs as fine particles (60-70%) with a size below 0.075mm is a byproduct of pulverized coal fired thermal power station low to medium bulk density, high surface area and very light texture with pH rangedfrom 4.5 to 12 depending upon S content in the coal (Lalet al。, 2012). It can act as a secondary source of fertilizer nutrients like P, K , Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo etc. (Totawatet al。, 2002). Fly ash increasedthe yield in various crops by 20-25 % with high nutritional value and found beneficial for soil and crop when fly ash was applied on soil> 10%by weight (Yavarzadehet al。, 2012). Hence, an experiment was conducted with the objective to find out the effect of enriched fly ash on soil health, growth and yield in degraded land.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted in asandy loamsoilat the KVK Research Farm, Janjgir Champa,Chhattisgarh during thekharifseason, 2013-14. Theexperiment design was randomized block design comprised of eight treatment combinations with three levels of fly ash (20, 40 and 60t ha-1) and two levels of FYM ( 0 and 5 t ha-1). Fly ash and FYM applied as perthe treatments before transplanting the rice. All the plots received the 75 percent of general recommendeddose (GRD)of NPKfertilizers (100-60-40 kg ha-1) except control and 100 percent GRD. Thericevar.MTU-1010 was used as the test crop. The fly ashwas collected from Madhya Bharat Paper Ltd. Village – Birgahni Champa Dist.- Janjgir Champa, Chhattisgarh. The nutrient contents of used FYM and Fly ash applied in the experiment was given in Table 1.
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Table 1: Chemical properties of FYM and FA used in experiment Click here to View table |
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Figure 1: Effect of different fly ash treatments on crop growth Click here to View Figure |
The effect of different treatments wasevaluated in terms of soil available major and micro nutrients at crop harvest and the crop yield. Available nitrogen wasestimated by alkaline potassium permanganatemethod(Subbaiah and Asija, 1956). Availablephosphorus content was extracted by Olsen’sreagent and determined by ascorbic acid method (Watanabe and Olsen, 1965). Available potassium was extracted by usingneutral normal ammonium acetate (Muhr et al.,1965) and determined by flame photometer. Organic carbon was determined by Walkley and Black rapid titration method as described by Piper (1957) and storage calculate 0-10 cm depth of soil with having bulk density. Available micronutrients (DTPA extractable) Fe, Mn, Cuand Zn were analyzed by DTPA method usingatomic absorption spectrophotometer (Lindsayand Norvell, 1978).
Results and Discussions
The soil belongs to sandy loam texture and the soil status was low in available nitrogen, phosphorus and high in potassium (Table 3). The soil available micronutrientswere above the critical limits except for Zn (Table 4). The control plots failed to produce the yield due to very low N and P status of soil (fig. 1 and Table 2 ,3).The application ofdifferent treatment combinationsexcept 75% GRD + 20t Fly ash ha-1with and withoutFYM increased the grain yield compared to General recommended dose (GRD). The highest grain yield (42.6 q ha-1) was recordedby application of 75% GRD + 60 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1, which was at parwith 75% GRD+ 40 t FAha-1+5t FYMha-1。因此应用粉煤灰不仅增加了the paddy yield by 30% but also saved the 25% of NPK fertilizer. The straw yield was significantly higher in different treatments over control and further combinationof fly ash with or without FYM was found similar to GRD but showed at most 8.42% increased in straw yield.The supply of nutrients, conductive to physical environmentleading to better aeration, root activity andnutrient absorption and the consequentcomplementary effect by fly ash application with organic and inorganic fertilizer would have resulted inhigher grain and straw yield of rice this finding are in conformity with that of Reddyet al。,(2010). The beneficial effect of fly ash on yield was also reported by Aggarwalet al.(2009) in wheat and sorghum and by Arivazhaganet al。(2011) in rice, wheat, maize, ragi.
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Table 2:联合应用的效果cation of FYM, FA and fertilizers on grain and straw yield of rice Click here to View table |
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Table 3:联合应用的效果cation of FYM , FA and fertilizers on available major nutrients and organic carbon storage of soil at harvest. Click here to View table |
 |
Table 4: Effect of combined application of FYM , FA and fertilizers on available micronutrients Click here to View table |
An increase in soil available major and micronutrients status ondegraded soil was observed (Table 3 and 4). The soil available N statuswas significantly higher by the application of the treatments over control. The soil test Phosphorus was significantly higher under the combined treatment over 100% GRD and control, the treatments 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+ 5t FYM ha-1and 75% GRD+ 40 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1showed higher soil test P compared to GRD. Similarly in different FA combination treatments 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+ 5t FYM ha-1and 75% GRD+ 40 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1over GRD showed higher available K status in soil, further the fly ash when combined with organic and chemical fertilizer showed remarkable increase in soil available K over 100% GRD. The organic carbon storage was increased with the combination of treatments and was maximum in 75% GRD + 60t FAha-1+ 5t FYM ha-1(6063.33 kg ha-1) as compare to GRD and control. The application of 75% GRD + 60 t FAha-1+ 5 t FYMha-1has recorded higher available Zn as compare to 100% GRD and control ( Table 4). The Fe , Mn and Cu content was not influenced by the different combination of treatments. The increase in soil available major nutrients status due to fly ash application was reported by Khanet al。(2008) andRamet al。(2011) the increase in available major nutrients except K concluded by Deyet al。(2012).The organic carbon was increased application of FA and FYM reported by Karmakaret al。, (2009). The beneficial effect of fly ash on improvement of soil health in respect of physico-chemical parameters, nutritional status and microbial population may be due to the cumulative effect of improvement in individual physico-chemical characteristics ( Yeledhalliet al.,2008).
Acknowledgement
作者感谢头部和顾问Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur for providing Laboratory facilities and co-operation of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Janjgir Champa is also acknowledged.
References
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- Reddy, T.P., Umadevi , M . and Rao, P.C. Effect of fly ash and farm yard manure on soil properties and yield of rice grown on an inceptisol.Agric. Sci. Digest。, 30(4) : 281–285 (2010).
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