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Cell phone technology is the most common telecommunicationin India. Due to its advantages, cell phone technology has grown exponentially in the last some years. Currently there are about 50 Crore cell phone users and 4.4 lakh cell phone towers in India. Radiation emitted from cell phone give a harmful effect on both plants and animals. These are mainly of two types-thermal radiations and non-thermal radiations. Thermal radiations are similar to microwave-oven. Non-thermal radiations are not well known but it is assume that they have more harmful effect on plants and animal. Now-a-day most of the population in the world use cell phone for communication. Cell phone emits the microwave radiation. A cell phone transmits 1-2 watt of power in the frequency range of 824-1780 MHz. A cell phone has a SAR i.e. specific absorption rate (Kumar 2010). Plants, animals and human need nitrogen for their growth and metabolism. Nitrogen is a part of nucleic acid and has a very important role. Plants are not able to use nitrogen as present in the atmosphere because of the N≡N. They use nitrogen in the form of nitrate. Legumes are the special plants which have ability to fix nitrogen because of their nature of symbiosis withRhizobium细菌(拉瓦锡2000)。在细菌类细菌were responsible for the formation of nodule in the root (Beijerinck 1888). Now-a-days many towers are building in the field and many other places near the agricultural fields which affect the plants in all different aspects. The radiations effect may be positive or negative on the growth and development of plants. So to validate the hypothesis the current study presents about the effect of microwave radiation emitted from mobile phone on the leguminous plants i.e. Pea and Fenugreek.

2G and 3G cell phone

There are different types of cell phone technologies which are used today 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. The most widely used cell phone technologies are 2G and 3G. 2G are the second generation wireless telephone. Three primary benefits of 2G networks are that the phone conversations are digitally encrypted. 2G systems are significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. The frequency range for 2G is 824 to 894 MHz (Ashisho 2003).The 3G phone are third generation wireless telephone. They are much advance than 2G and the frequency range of 900 to 1900 which is higher than 2G. Radiation emitted from cell phone give a harmful effect on both plants and animals. It has been shown that the radiations emitted from mobile phone are carcinogenic for human being. Beside this they also have harmful effect on the plants (Smith et al. 2000). In this study the main aim was to check the in vitro and in vivo effect of 2G and 3G mobile phone radiations on Pea and Fenugreek.

Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Instruments

TCA (Tricarboxylic acid), TBA (Thiobarbutiric acid), Bovine serum albumin, Folin reagent, Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (2N), Sodium Tartrate, Copper Sulphate, NaOH, Na₂CO₃ ,Sodium Phosphate buffer (0.15M), Hydrogen Peroxide (0.176 M), Guaiacol (0.1M). Centrifuge (REMI Instrument Ltd. Mumbai. India), Hot air oven (Microsil India), Autoclave (NSW. India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi).

Morphological Analysis

豌豆和胡芦巴获得的种子Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Ludhiana with variety of Pea (PB-29) and Fenugreek (Kusturi methi) for experimental research work. Seeds were mainly splits into two groups- control and irradiated. Seeds of Pea and Fenugreek were soaked in DW for 8 hours. The seeds were then placed in air tight plastic boxes lined with filter paper moistened with DW. A Nokia 2690 mobile phone with frequency band 850- 1850 MHz was used to irradiate the seeds and same sample of seeds were taken as control without exposing towards radiations to compare the effect of radiations on Pea and Fenugreek. Different exposure time subjected to the seeds to check the effect of radiations like ½ hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 8 hours. After this the seeds were left for germination at least for 72 hours and then further tests are conducted to evaluate the effect of radiation on seedling and compare with the control. For finding the effect of variations in frequency, the other set of seeds was irradiated by the mobile phone having 3G technologies. In this set seeds were irradiated through Samsung GT B7722 with frequency band 900- 1900MHz. For performing the experiment one set of seeds were exposed to radiations and other was taken as control in which no radiations were given as in 2G. Similar procedures were followed for the biochemical investigation. One set of seeds exposed with 2G and 3G mobile phone radiation was left for germination to evaluate thein vitromorphological parameters. After 72 hour of radiations exposure, morphological analysis was done by note down the number of seeds germinated, seedling length estimation through length of plumule and radical and fresh weight was recorded by weighing all the seeds. Seedlings after fresh weight allowed drying at 70ºC for 24 h to record the dry weight. After this the relative water content (R.W.C.) of seeds is recorded by the formula- Fresh weight-Dry weight/Fresh weight *100. Forin vivo评估的领域获得的土壤Fenugreek and Pea respectively as the nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) is naturally present in the soil. Rhizobium is the bacteria which show the symbiotic association with root system of leguminous plants and help to fix the nitrogen and provide the same to plant for all nitrogen based metabolic activities. After radiation exposure one set of control and irradiated seeds were sown in the pots and left them for minimum 45 days as this period is sufficient for nodule formation in the plant. The pots were watered daily for proper growth and development.

Figure 1:Pea and Fenugreek Seeds 与辐射 Click here to View Figure

Biochemical Analysis

在the biochemical analysis different test has been performed which include Protein estimation test, Lipid peroxidase test and Guaiacol peroxidase test.

Lipid Peroxidation Test

Homogenization of 0.2 g of seedlings was performed by addition of 1ml of 5% TCA solution using pestle and mortar. Centrifugation of the homogenate was done at 12000 rpm for 15min. at room temperature. To the 1 ml of supernatant addition of 4ml of 0.5% TBA in 20% TCA Solution was done and after that the sample was incubated at 96ºC for 30 min. immediately the test tubes were kept in ice bath and then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min. The absorbance was recorded at 600 nm (Afzal and Mansoor 2012).

Protein Estimation

0.5ml of supernatant was transferred to a glass tube and addition of 0.7ml Lowry solution was done.After this the tubes werecovered and incubated for 20 min. In the last five minutes Folin reagent was prepared. After 20 min of incubation the samples were taken out and addition of 0.1ml of diluted Folin reagent was done. Incubation was done once again for 30 minutes or longer at room temperature. After 30 minutes the sample was transferred into cuvette and optical density was taken at 750nm. Absorbance of this mixture was recorded against the BSA (Lowry et.al 1951).

Guaiacol Peroxidation

The seeds sample was crushed and 50 µL of sample was taken in a test tube. To the sample addition of sodium phosphate buffer, Hydrogen peroxide and Guaiacol was done. Then incubation of the reaction mixture was done for 8 minutes. The absorbance was recorded at 470 nm(Afzal and Mansoor 2012).

Statistical Analysis

Experiment was conducted with three replicates of each sample as R_1P, R_2P, R_3Pfor Pea seedling and R_1F,R_2F,R_3Ffor Fenugreek seedlings. Analysis of variance for morphological and biochemical parameters were performed by Standard Deviation Calculator.

Result

在morphological analysis of Pea seedling the replicates of control show variation with irradiated samples. The germination %age of control is less than 8 hr radiated seedlings. The exposure for short time does not show more effect on the seedling. As the exposure time increases the germination percentage also increases. The seed length, Fresh weight and dry weight also show an increase with increase in exposure time period whereas RWC decreases with increase in radiation exposure in 2G exposed seeds. In 3G exposed seedling the fresh weight decrease while all other parameters increase.

Table 1: Standard error analysis of Pea seedling exposed with 2G mobile phone radiations

Time ofexposure	Germination(%)	Seeding length( cm)	FW (gm)	DW (gm)	R.W.C. (%)
Control	86.66±5.77	2.64±0.33	6.43±0.10	1.80±0.05	71.9±1.30
½ hour	73.33±11.54	2.77±0.32	6.43±0.08	1.86±0.02	70.0±71.06
1 hour	93.33±5.77ns	2.95±0.38	6.84±0.57	2.06±0.04	69.6±2.46
2 hour	93.33±5.77ns	2.93±0.32	6.59±0.17	2.12±0.08	67.8±2.24
4 hour	90.00±10	3.03±0.27	6.65±0.23	2.48±0.45	62.6±6.38
8 hour	93.33±5.77ns	3.07±0.30	6.73±0.30	2.51±0.29	62.7±5.62

F.W. = Fresh Weight, D.W. = Dry Weight, R.W.C= Relative Water Content, ns=designate Non- significant values

Table 2: Standard error analysis of Pea seedling exposed with 3G mobile phone radiations

Time ofexposure	Germination(%)	Seeding length( cm)	F.W.(gm)	D.W.(gm)	R.W.C.(%)
Control	83.33±5.77ns	16.33±2.08	6.35±0.09	1.77±0.66	72.06±1.28
½ hour	86.66±11.54ns	19.33±1.54	6.03±0.37	1.81±0.03	69.84±1.84
1 hour	93.33±5.77	21.66±2.30	6.14±0.09	1.80±0.04	70.45±0.72
2 hour	83.33±5.77ns	19.76±5.40	5.75±0.34	1.97±0.04	65.81±1.06
4 hour	86.66±11.54ns	22.93±4.40	5.80±0.22	2.00±0.11	65.44±0.88
8 hour	83.33±15. 27	22.30±5.62	5.65±0.26	2.05±0.05	63.55±1.43

F.W. = Fresh Weight, D.W. = Dry Weight, R.W.C= Relative Water Content, ns=designate Non- significant values

在case of Fenugreek after 2G exposures the germination percentage, seed length and dry weight increase with increase in time period whereas the fresh weight and RWC decrease with increase in time period.

Table 3: Standard error analysis of Fenugreek seedling exposed with 2G mobile phone radiations

Time ofexposure	Germination(%)	Seedling length( cm)	F.W.(gm)	D.W.(gm)	R.W.C. (%)
Control	93.33±5.77ns	2.83±0.05	0.13±0.01	0.01±0.005	89.49±5.34
½ hour	96.66±5.77	2.76±0.32	0.12±0.01ns	0.02±0.015	80.90±11.24
1 hour	100ns	2.93±0.28	0.12±0.01ns	0.02±0.010	80.64±10.30
2 hour	93.33±5.77ns	3.10±0.20	0.15±0.03	0.02±0.011	75.29±17.10
4 hour	100ns	3.60±0.34	0.13±0.02	0.01±0.011	86.30±11.76
8 hour	100ns	3.66±0.32	0.11±0.02	0.03±0.010	71.72±14.80

F.W. = Fresh Weight, D.W. = Dry Weight, R.W.C= Relative Water Content, ns=designate Non- significant values

Table 4: Standard error analysis of Fenugreek seedling exposed with 3G mobile phone radiations

Time ofexposure	Germination(%)	Seeding length( cm)	F.W.(gm)	D.W.(gm)	R.W.C.(%)
Control	100ns	3.60 ±0.52	0.13 ±0.02	0.01±0.005ns	89.61±4.50
½ hour	96.66±5.77ns	2.93±0.94	0.13±0.01	0.01±0.005ns	87.32±3.79
1 hour	96.66±5.77ns	3.86±0.57	0.13±0.04	0.02±0.010	82.93±9.68
2 hour	100ns	3.63±0.37	0.12±0.03	0.02±0.003	76.97±19.44
4 hour	96.66±5.77ns	3.70±0.20	0.10±0.03	0.03±0.017	75.79±9.54
8 hour	100ns	3.86±0.15	0.08±0.03	0.02±0.005	71.66±5.13

F.W. = Fresh Weight, D.W. = Dry Weight, R.W.C= Relative Water Content, ns=designate Non- significant values

在the biochemical analysis also three replicates considered which are taken as mean value for one sample and designated as R_1P, R_2P,R_3Pfor Pea and R_1F, R_2F,R_3Ffor fenugreek.The biochemical analysis includes estimation of protein, lipid peroxidase and Guaiacol peroxidase. All the biochemical parameters increase with increase in time period both in Pea and Fenugreek.

Table 5: Standard error analysis of Pea seedling after radiation exposure (Biochemical)

Time ofexposure	Protein estimation		Lipid peroxidase		Guaiacol peroxidase
	2G	3G	2G	3G	2G	3G
Control	0.777±0.040	0.789±0.05	0.034±0.004	0.032±0.010	1.007±0.004	1.082±0.011
½ hour	0.794±0.047	0.809±0.049	0.036±0.025	0.036±0.012	1.013±0.006	1.124±0.064
1 hour	0.847±0.037	0.816±0.055	0.053±0.026	0.041±0.014	1.023±0.012	1.632±0.596
2 hour	0.878±0.082	0.895±0.166	0.058±0.027	0.049±0.014	1.027±0.012	1.777±0.346
4 hour	0.885±0.007	0.898±0.165	0.037±0.014	0.057±0.009	1.032±0.017	1.713±0.494
8 hour	0.890±0.085	0.903±0.166	0.063±0.024	0.073±0.006	1.039±0.013	1.939±0.119

Table 6: Standard error analysis of Fenugreek seedling after radiation exposure (Biochemical)

Time ofexposure	Protein estimation		Lipid peroxidase		Guaiacol peroxidase
	2G	3G	2G	3G	2G	3G
Control	0.760±0.036	0.811±0.003	0.042±0.010	0.002±0.001	2.114±0.007	2.340±0.141
½ hour	0.767±0.036	0.829±0.022	0.046±0.007	0.008±0.001	2.119±0.006	2.330±0.286
1 hour	0.771±0.035	0.842±0.028	0.049±0.010	0.015±0.002	2.128±0.009	2.241±0.242
2 hour	0.773±0.033	0.847±0.027	0.056±0.010	0.018±0.001	2.131±0.008	2.320±0.262
4 hour	0.775±0.035	0.857±0.028	0.059±0.010	0.019±0.001	2.135±0.0060	2.437±0.064
8 hour	0.777±0.036	0.865±0.025	0.067±0.12	0.022±0.001	2.140±0.008	2.435±0.158

Nodule formation in the plants

As the main feature of leguminous plants is the formation of legume, when the seedling grown in pots after 45 days there is formation of nodule in Pea and Fenugreek. TheRhizobiumbacteria present in the soil is responsible for the formation of nodule in the plants. The main objective of present study is to study the effect of mobile phone radiation on the nodule formation in the leguminous plants. There is a variation in the nodule formation in Pea and Fenugreek seedling when compare wth the irradiated seedling.

Figure 2: Pea plants with their roots after 45 days of 2G exposure Click here to View Figure

Figure 3: Pea roots with the nodule formation after 45 days of 2G exposure Click here to View Figure

Table 7: Morphological analysis of Pea after 2G mobile phone radiation exposure (在vivo)

	control	½ hour	1 hour	2 hour	4 hour	8 hour
Root length(cm)	13	20	20.5	20.5	21	23
Number of nodule	14	15	21	22	23	27
Average size of nodule(mm)	4	5	5	6	7	9

After the 45 days the different changes has been observed in the plant root of Pea exposed with 2G mobile phone. The root length increases in irradiated seedling as compare to control. In control the root length is 13cm, after ½ hour exposure it is 20cm. With increase in time period of exposure there is an increase in the root length and in 8 hour the root length increase upto 23cm.Same results were obtained in case of 3G exposed seeds. After 45 days the observation show an increase in root length, number of nodule and diameter of nodule.

Figure 4: Pea plants with their roots after 45 days of 3G exposure Click here to View Figure

Figure 5: Pea roots with the nodule formation after 45 days of 3G exposure Click here to View Figure

Table 8: Morphological analysis of Pea after 3G mobile phone radiation exposure (在vivo)

	control	½ hour	1 hour	2 hour	4 hour	8 hour
Root length(cm)	11	21	21	22	23	24
Number of nodule	15	17	21	22	24	27
Average size of nodule(mm)	5	6	7	8	8	9

The Fenugreek seeds also exposed with 2G and 3G mobile phone radiation which result in an increase in the nodule formation with increased time period.

Figure 6: Fenugreek plants with their roots after 45 days of 2G exposure Click here to View Figure

Figure 7: Fenugreek roots with the nodule formation after 45 days of 2G exposure Click here to View Figure

Table 9: Morphological analysis of Fenugreek after 2G mobile phone radiation exposure (在vivo)

	control	½ hour	1 hour	2 hour	4 hour	8 hour
Root length (cm)	6.5	7	7.6	8	9	10
Number of nodule	9	10	10	12	12	15
Average size of nodule (mm)	1	2	3	4	5	5

The root length with 8 hour time exposure increases as compare to control. The number of nodule and their size also show an increase with increased time period. In control the number of nodules was 9 and after 8 hour exposure it was 15 nodules.

Figure 8:Fenugreek plants with their roots after 45 days of 3G exposure Click here to View Figure

Figure 9: Fenugreek roots with the nodule formation after 45 days of 3G exposure Click here to View Figure

Table 10: Morphological analysis of Fenugreek after 3G mobile phone radiation exposure (在vivo)

	control	½ hour	1 hour	2 hour	4 hour	8 hour
Root length (cm)	6	7	8	10	9.5	12
Number of nodule	7	9	10	13	11	15
Average size of nodule (mm)	2	2	3	3	4	6

Discussion

The present study was conducted to explore the effect of microwave radiation emitted from mobile phone on germination percentage, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight along with all biochemical parameters. The study concluded that the mobile phone radiations cause change in morphology and biochemistry of the plants. The previous research shows that there was reduction in germination percentage, seed length, fresh weight and dry weight of mobile phone irradiated seeds with different wave length (Afzal and Mansoor 2012) and in present study the increase in seed length, decrease in fresh weight and increase in dry weight has been reported. The author reported that the mobile phone radiations significantly reduced the seedling length and dry weight of seeds after exposure for 0.5,1, 2, and 4 h. Decrease in trend was observed for seed germination, seedling vigour, plant height, root length and biomass % for most of the samples used with increase in microwave power and exposure time as compared to control (Ragha et al. 2011).Irradiation provoked insignificant changes in lipid peroxidation and soluble protein content, while protein oxidation intensity was significantly decreased when dose of 10 kGy was applied. Presented results implicated that increased antioxidant capacity and protein stability of were increased after application of irradiation (Abd 2011).

在present study, there was an increase in enzyme activity such as lipid peroxidase and Guaiacol peroxidase both in Pea (Pisum sativum) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) as the radiation exposure increase, similar results were shown by (Kouzmanova et al. 2009). In Pea the lipid peroxidation increases from 0.034 to 0.063 when exposed with the 2G mobile phone radiation. In 3G exposed seeds of Pea the lipid content increases from 0.032 to 0.073.

Similarly these finding were in agreement with (Singh and Prakash 2011).The protein content also increased with increase in radiation exposure. After maximum radiation exposure the protein content increases as 0.890 for 2G and 0.903 for 3G. Guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity for 8 hours was 1.039 for 2G and 1.939 for 3G. Same increase activity was observed in Fenugreek. This increase in enzyme activity shows the protection against the mobile phone radiation. As the main objective was to study the effect of mobile phone radiation on the nodule formation in leguminous plants, the radiation exposure also showed an increase in nodule formation in the leguminous plants. In Pea after maximum radiation exposure with 2G mobile phone the root length, nodule number and size increase as 23cm, 27 and 9mm. After 3G mobile phone radiation exposure it increases as 24cm, 27 and 9mm. In case of Fenugreek root length, nodule number and size increase as 10cm, 15 and 5mm for 2G and 12cm, 15 and 6mm for 3G. The 8 hour radiation exposure showed the maximum nodule formation with increase in diameter and root length. So in this study the effect of microwave radiation emitted from mobile phone were investigated which show a considerable increase in the plant growth. The results indicate that all these effects should be further evaluated and investigated for plant growth.

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