当前世界环境

Introduction

The district of Ghaziabad is situated in the middle of Ganga-Yamuna doab. It lies on the Grand Trunk road about a mile east of the Hindon river in Latitude 280 40' North and Longitude 770 25' East, 19 Kms. east of Delhi.¹Since a few years, drinking water problem has increased in the area. In this study, drinking water samples have been collected from 4 random locations from the area. Different parameters were examined using Indian Standards²to find out their suitability for drinking purposes. During this examination, mainly the physico chemical parameters and the elemental concentrations were taken into consideration.

Material and Methods

Standard methods of collection, preservation and analysis were adopted. Grab sampling method was used for the collection of 4 drinking water samples. The locations were selected randomly in the district of Ghaziabad. The analysis of physiochemical parameters was done by procedure adopted from standard methods: APHA³and the elemental analysis were done using ICPMS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, PERKIN ELMER, Elan DRCe).

Results and Discussion

Sample 1, Lohia Nagar

All physiochemical parameters were found to be under the maximum permissible range for drinking purposes. This is with the exception of fluoride which was observed to be 3.723 ppm in the water sample analyzed. Fluoride is released into the ground water through weathering of primary silicates and associated accessory minerals.⁴Mineral fluorides are present in underground water structures in the form of leachates from fluorospar, Apatite, Cryolite and fluorosilicates .⁵When rain water percolates through the ground, fluoride ions are picked up 9. In arid regions with limited water recharge and with fluoride bearing minerals deposits present, the ground water becomes rich in fluoride.⁵It combines with the hydrochloric acid of stomach and leads to the formation of hydrogen fluoride which is highly corrosive.⁶Very low doses of fluoride (<0.6 mg/L) in water promote tooth decay. However, when consumed in higher doses (>1.5 mg/L), it leads to dental fluorosis or mottled enamel and excessively high concentration (>3.0 mg/L) of fluoride may lead to skeletal fluorosis.⁷

Sample 2, Sec-16

All physiochemical parameters were found to be under the maximum permissible range for drinking purposes. Except fluoride, the value for which was found to be 1.66 ppm.

Sample 3, Jatwara

All physiochemical parameters were found to be under the maximum permissible range for drinking purposes except nitrate and fluoride. The values for these were found to be 187.583 and 3.472 ppm respectively for the water sample analyzed. Such high concentration of nitrate in drinking water may be attributed to the leaching of organic material biodegradation products into water sources. Nitrate has long been associated with the occurrence of blue baby disease in infants⁸or infantile methaemoglobinaemia, which is caused due to bacterial reduction of nitrate into nitrite in stomach.⁹

Sample 4, Sahibabad

The values for except Aluminium, Iron and fluoride were found to be high in the sample analyzed. The value for Aluminium was observed to be 228.88 ppb which is higher than the IS prescribed limit of 200 ppb. The values for Iron was recorded to be 4598.76 ppb and for fluoride as 4.68 ppm. All other physiochemical parameters were found to be under the maximum permissible range for drinking purposes. Long-term exposure to such high levels of Aluminum may lead to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease.¹⁰Aluminium accumulation in the brain is proposed to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dialysis encephalopathy .¹¹Aluminium negatively impacts neurotransmission, either by directly inhibiting the enzymes responsible or by affecting the physical properties of synaptic membranes.¹¹The principal forms of mineralized ferric iron found in soils are amorphous hydrous ferric oxide, maghemite, lepidocrocite, hematite,and goethite.¹²High amount of Iron leads to the growth of iron bacteria in the pipelines thereby deteriorating the microbiological quality of drinking water.¹³Excessive ingested iron can also cause excessive levels of iron in the blood because high iron levels can damage the cells of the gastrointestinal tract preventing them from regulating iron absorption.¹⁴

Conclusion

Drinking water from Lohia Nagar & Sector 16 could be used for drinking after removal of excess of fluoride. Also drinking water from Jatwara could be used for drinking after removal of excess of fluoride and nitrate. Drinking water from Sahibabad could also be used for drinking after removal of excess of fluoride, Aluminium and Iron.

Table 1: List of methods and instruments used for physiochemical and elemental analysis. Click here to View table

Table 2: Values for Physiochemical Parameters obtained by chemical methods Click here to View table

Table 3: Values of elemental analysis obtained by Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICPMS). ND = Not Detected Click here to View table

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Arbro Analytical Division, New Delhi for providing research facilities.

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