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Introduction

Fresh Water is essential to existence of life. Water of acceptable quality is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Surface water is collection of water on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to evaporation and sub-surface seepage into the groundwater. A lake is a large body of water surrounded by land and inhabited by various aquatic life forms. Lakes are subjected to various natural processes taking place in the environment, such as the hydrological cycle. Due to tremendous population growth of the city (from just over 0.1million in 1951 to about 1.8 millions in 2007) and rapid urban development, lakes are facing various environmental problems resulting in deterioration of its water quality. The area of the study selected, to estimate the water quality and levels of water pollution, is the Shahpura lake of Bhopal city. It is located in the southern part of the city. It is manmade reservoir formed in 1974-75, under the Betwa irrigation project. The waste water inflow keeps the lake perennial and the over flowing water flows through a nala to join kaliyasot river which flows into river Betwa. Various physico-chemical parameters were studied to assess the water quality status and the extent of deterioration in the water quality of lake. The degradation of lake has occurred not only due to waste water effluent inflow but also by saltation, domestic sewage, immersion of idols and other activities around the lake. Thus the lake is subjected to enormous anthropogenic stress; the overall impact has resulted in the deterioration of the water quality, accumulation of toxic chemicals and sediments, shrinkage of lake area and above all, loss of the aesthetic value. It is well known that hydrologic environment is composed of two interrelated phases; ground water and surface water. Impacts initiated in one phase eventually affect the other system. The polluted lake water may enter into aquifer or ground water body of fringe areas, specially the downstream areas by percolation and influent seepage. The natural quality of hand pumps, bore wells and drinking water resources tend to be degraded in the fringe areas of lake. Several investigations and research studies have been made on water quality and increasing pollution level of the water body. They all indicate the alarming contamination of the lake which is very high as compared to the standard guidelines, revealing that nutrient load in the lake is very high and hypereutrophic conditions are prevailing. Hence periodic monitoring and preventive measures are required to save the lake from eutrophication. Although, few work has been done to understand the status of the lake, no study has been made on the pollution effects of the lake on the ground water quality of the adjoining areas. The polluted lake water may enter into aquifer or ground water body of fringe areas specially the downstream areas by percolation and influent seepage. At least sixty thousand population resides in the fringe area and is dependent on the ground water, moreover the Chunabhatti area acts as a ground water sanctuary for the town as the drinking water is supplied to the different parts of the city through the water tankers filled from the tube wells daily. Therefore the assessment and monitoring of its water quality is very important. Hence a serious need is felt for the study of the water quality which could prove beneficial for the large number of people.

Methods

To study the water quality status of Shahpura lake,thirteen surface water qualitymonitoring stationswere chosen at different points of the lake andsixteen ground water qualitymonitoring stationsin the fringe area (where source water is mainly ground water) were finalized. The methods of water analysis were used as prescribed by APHA (American Public Health Association) water environment federation and National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur. Water samples were collected during the winter season, 2011 from the selected stations. The analysis of the following physico-chemical parameters was carried out: pH, Electrical Conductivity(EC - µmho/ cm), Total Dissolved Solids(TDS - mg/L), Ammonia (mgNH3-N/L), Nitrate (mgN/l), Total Phosphorus (mgP/L), Iron (mg/L), Fluoride (mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD - mg/L), Dissolved Oxygen (DO – mg/L ), Total Hardness (T.Hard. - mgCaCO3/ L), Calcium (mg/L), Magnesium (mg/L), Chloride (mg/L), Sulphate(mg/L), Carbonate (mg/L), Bicarbonate (mg/L) and Coliforms.

Results and Discussion

The physico-chemical data collected from different sampling stations Table 1 and 2.

Table 1: Water quality results – Surface water shahpura lake Click here to View table

Table 2: Water Quality results - Ground water of fringe area Click here to View table

Figure 1: Description of sampling stations Click here to View figure

Sampling stations - fringe areas of the Shahpura lake

pH

pH值6.5到8.5范围通常是按照接受guideline suggested by WHO. In this study pH values were found in the range of 7.5 to 8.5 in the water samples. This shows that pH was observed to be slightly alkaline. Higher pH favors the fish production in reservoir. Electrical conductivity- Higher the concentration of acid, base and salts in water, a higher will be the EC. In this study the value of EC was found above the maximum permissible limit of 500µmho/cm, in drinking waters as recommended by WHO. Total dissolved solids it is an important parameter in drinking water quality standard. It develops a particular taste to the water and at higher concentration reduces its potability Water with more than 500mg/l TDS usually has a disagreeably strong taste. High TDS levels generally indicate hard water, which can cause scale buildup in pipes, valves and filters. Similar high TDS values were found in ground water layers of Bhanpur, Bhopal by Manisha Sonel et al.TDS values in all the samples was found above the WHO permissible limit of 200mg/l .It can be concluded that water is hard at these locations, which necessitates the softening of water prior to its use. In this study The groundwater samples have shown higher values of hardness. Dissolved oxygen and COD-maximum permissible limit for DO as per WHO is 4.6-6.0mg/l it was found within the admissible limit in all the water samples. In the present study high COD values were found which depicts the pollution of water source due to pollutants of organic origin. Nitrate and Phosphate. The world health organization(WHO) has recommended the limit of 10mg/l nitrate nitrogen(NO3-N) for drinking water which is equivalent to about 45mg/l of nitrate (N03)and the same is also accepted in India by the ICMR In a previous study, by Dixit S., et al., the lake was found to be highly eutrophic. The Phosphate content of the lake water studied was found in the range of 6.05 to 9.21 ppm. The Nitrate content of the water was found in the range 2.02 to 15.22ppm. Sharp rise in nitrate content was found from 2003 to 2004, showing the increasing anthropogenic influence on the lake. The raw sewage is the source of nitrates and phosphates in the water. The United States Public Health Standards limit for phosphates in drinking water is 0.1ppm(De,2002,p.p231-232). The phosphate content in the lake water is alarming and very high as compared to the standard guidelines, which reveals that nutrient load in the lake is very high and hypereutrophic conditions are prevailing Fluoride, Chloride and Sulphate. The value of 0.8 to1.0mg/l of F has been recommended by WHO (1970.) Values in all the sample was found in the permissible range. It was observed that the chloride and sulphate concentration in all the samples collected was below the recommended concentration of 250mg/l and150mg/l respectively.

Conclusion

一般的地表水shahpura湖shown lesser values of the parameters pH, total hardness, EC, TDS in comparison to the groundwater samples. However, the nitrates and microorganisms (coliform bacteria) showed very high values in lake water. Studies carried out in present investigation revealed that one of the most important causes of water pollution is unplanned urban development without adequate attention to suitable management of sewage and waste material. It is summarized that propagation of pollution front in groundwater aquifer of the fringe area of Shahpura Lake is governed by the hydraulic gradient enhancing influent seepage from Shahpura Lake. The alarm bell therefore rings at the doorstep with the fear of polluting the ChunaBhatti groundwater sanctuary which supports tens of hundreds of water takers from the tube wells of the fringe area of Shahpura lake for water supply in different parts of Bhopal city. Also the entire population of ChunaBhatti Township depends on the water supply from Tubewells/ Borewells. It is therefore, recommended that this groundwater supply from Tube wells should be used as drinking water only after pre-treatment. It may also not be out of context that all the in-lets of city effluents/waste water should be suitably treated before flowing into Shahpura lake.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful and indebted to chemists of Ground water survey, water quality Laboratory, Kolar road, Bhopal for providing lab facilities and guidance time to time.

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