当前世界环境

Introduction

Climate change has a direct influence on human health. Apart from affecting the human health climate change also influences the vector of infectious diseases.

Climate change and its influence on the vectors of infectious diseases has been a subject of serious debate and study (Shope, 1991). Most of the mosquitoes are sensitive to climate and primary vectors for many diseases. The primary vector for dengue fever virus transmission to humans isAedesspecies. The global warming influencing the climate and resulting into speeding up the development of virus in mosquito vectors and increasing their capacity to adapt to different climatic factors and habitats (Abdalmagid MA & Alhusein, (2008). Dengue mosquito populations usually influenced by environmental factors, these factors are important for controlling the density ofAedes(de Cesaset al.,1995)

Christopher,(1960); Fockset al., (1993b) and Ruedaet al.,(1990), are of the opinion that geographical distribution and development of the mosquitoes is largely determined by climate of the region. Patz, JA (1998) suggested that if the climate change continue to occur, this will increase the epidemic potential of dengue fever and dengue carrying mosquitoes.

A number of studies suggested that climate change affects the density of mosquitoes (Zwerver, S.et al.,1995; Rueda, L.M.et al.,1991; Hopp, M.J. and Foly, J.A., 2001; Shope,1991).

WHO estimated that climate change may be the cause of increase in the number of dengue fever cases and related deaths. Over the past few years there has been a drastic increase in dengue fever cases all over the world (WHO, 1996). Many workers studied the relationship between dengue fever cases and climatic factors. Chadeeet al.,(2007) found relationship between rainfall and dengue fever cases, Promprouet al.,(2005) with temperature, rainfall and moisture. Dibo M.R.et al.,(2008) recognized the climate as an important factor to asses the density ofAedesand dengue fever cases.

Recently Beebe NWet al.,(2009) challenged the common view that climate change will increase and spread theAedes aegypti.They further suggested that the human behavior is increasing the risk of dengue.

In Jeddah the situation is alarming as number of dengue fever cases is increasing rapidly. First time dengue virus was isolated in 1994 in Jeddah (Fakeeh & Zaki, 2001) and by the end of year 300 cases were diagnosed. The year 2006 was the worst year for Jeddah as 1300 cases of dengue fever were recorded. Due to extensive efforts of Jeddah Municipality the number came down to 342 in 2007. But the prevailing conditions in the city such as high humidity, lack of proper sewage disposal network, rapid growth of unplanned slums and large number of pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Makkah & Medina via Jeddah provided the ideal conditionsfor increasing the population ofAedesmosquitoes (Aburas,HM 2007) and rise in dengue fever cases.

The focus of this study is to find out an association between climatic factors andAedesmosquito abundance in the study area. And to find out the relationship between mosquito abundance & dengue fever cases.

Methodology

Mosquito abundance was recorded withthe help of adult mosquito surveillance. A throughsampling was carried out by installing the Black HoleLight Traps (Gangnam-Gu,Seoul, 135-744,KOREA)in various habitats of the city.12different vulnerablepoints were selected in city to install the traps (Fig.1).

Figure 1: Locations of Black Hole Light Traps installed in Jeddah city Click here to view figure

Powered aspirators were also used to collect the adult mosquitoes from their resting places. Trapped & collected mosquitoes were than brought to the laboratory for identification ofAedesmosquitoes especiallyAedes aegypti.

Meteorological data on various weather parameters were collected from the records of National meteorology & Environment center, Jeddah.

完成两年的工作提供了一个存在某种联系d useful information pertaining toAedes aegyptidensity and dengue cases in Jeddah. The data is analyzed on year to year basis. Climate variables include temperature, relative humidity & rainfall from January 2007 to December 2008. Temperature is measured in degree Celsius and recorded as mean temperature. Relative humidity is the average humidity and expressed in percentage. Rainfall recorded in millimeters.

Data were analyzed using SAS statistics software (version 6). Data were analyzed in order to find relationship & correlation between climatic factors,Aedesmosquito population and dengue fever cases in the study area.

Results

In the following analysis of results, correlations were used to explain the relationship between different climatic factors & abundance ofAedespopulation in time & space using data collected during two consecutive years 2007 & 2008.

TheAedesmosquito abundance and its association with the climatic factors are determined and it was observed that maximum number ofAedeswas collected during the month of January 2008 (Fig.2). The average temperature was recorded 23°C (Max. 35°C & Min. 28°C). Average Relative humidity during this period was 55% (Max. 90% & Min. 19%) and the total rain fall during this month was recorded only 2.7 mm.

Pearson's Correlation coefficient values suggest highly significant relationship betweenAedespopulation and relative humidity (Table 1 & 2). It was observed that the temperature and rainfall do not exhibit any significant relationship with the population abundance ofAedes aegyptimosquito.

Table 1: Pearson's correlation values between climatic factors andAedesdensity Click here to view table

Table 2: Correlation between climatic factors and dengue fever cases Click here to view table

Figure 2: The graph showing the relationship between abundance ofA. aegyptiand relative humidity Click here to view figure

登革热病例记录高especially during June 2008 when the average relative humidity was 59% and meantemperature was approximately 32°C. During this period a small amount of ra nfall (2.7mm.) was also recorded (Fig. 3). The correlation between dengue fever cases and climatic variables do not show any significant value except with relative humidity during year 2007. The results for the year 2008 show high significant relationship between dengue fever cases and all the three climatic variables (Relative humidity, Temperature & Rainfall (Table 1 & 2).

Discussion

As all the weather parameters are very much interrelated therefore, it is difficult to explain the influence of individual factors. On the basis of recorded observations an attempt has been made here to correlate the density ofAedes aegyptimosquito and dengue fever cases in Jeddah with the average range of prevailing weather factors such as Relative humidity, Temperature and Rainfall.

Results of our present study reveal that in the area of study the relative humidity is found playing crucial role in the population abundance ofAedes aegyptias it helps in longevity & development. This view is in full agreement with earlier workers including Haleset al.,(2002), Promproueet al.,(2005) & Favieret al.,(2006). Although Kreor, (1980) was of the opinion that high humidity is not so important toAedesmosquito abundance.

Rainfall significantly influences the abundance of mosquitoes (WHO,1996). As there is very little rainfall in this area even than the number ofAedes aegyptiis high especially during winter months. This abundance may be attributed to the prevailing conditions in the study area where there is no proper sewage network, covered drains etc. people store water in water receptacles in or out side homes and provide ideal breeding places forAedes aegyptiand help in their abundance and spread of dengue fever cases. Reiter (2001) stated that in the areas where the mosquito breeds in the stored water their population is high and dengue transmission is also high. Buttiker, (1981) also expressed same views for mosquito population in Saudi Arabia.

The temperatures usally high during the day but nights are cooler. Buttiker, (1981) opined that temperature prevailing in Saudi Arabia (Some time as high as 48°-49°C) may be lethal for the mosquitoes and during spring & autumn peak in mosquito population occur.Reiter (2001) opined that the effect of temperature on mosquito survival and abundance is difficult to predict. We also support his views as far as the study area is concern.

The spread ofAedes aegyptiin this region is related more too human behavior than to climate. Domestic water storage and stagnant water in open air containers with inflow of pilgrims from dengue affected countries are some of the reasons for dengue fever cases in this region. As suggested by Mariappan (2009) awareness in water storage practices and removal of stagnant water could drastically reduce the density ofAedes aegyptiin Jeddah Province of Saudi Arabia.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to all our colleagues inthe Municipality, Jeddah, who have been thefountain of our inspiration in conducting thisresearch. We would also like to thank NationalMeteorology and Environment Center for providingthe meteorological data for Jeddah city.

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