Current World Environment

Introduction

Water in nature contains a number of impurities in varying amounts. The run-off water goes intoHalali Damhas large number of pollutants including bacteria. Halali river near Bhopal M.P. flows through several villages of Bhopal, Raisen and Vidisha districts and ended in the Samrat Ashok Sagar Dam known asHalali Dam i.e.situated in vidisha district. TheParta-Nallahis the cheif source of this dam, Partra nallah carries urban and domestic sewage and effluents of industries. Heavy metals concentration is direct measurements of pollution and related to human health. This Study has been carried out during 2005-06 will help to plan for drinking and irrigational water supply schemes in sustainable development of Madhya Pradesh and to see the suitability of surface reservoir water.

The biological decomposition of organic matter consume all the dissolved oxygen (D.O) which can not be made up. As a result of oxygen depletion, anaerabic biological population dominate with the result of precipitation of heavy metal ions as sulphides which settle at the bottom of reservoir pollution in surface and groundwater system though human activities and natural process may enter into water reservoir. Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, is territorially the largest state of India witnessed the world’s worst industrial disasteri.e.leakage of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from Uninon Caribaide factory on 3^rdDecember 1984. That directly or indirectly affected the water resources by spreads through air to all over state created global pollution.

The rainwater, which is orginally pure, also absorb various gases, dust and other impurities when it move on the grounds and agriculture land futher carry silts organic inpurities. The study will help the authorities for plainning of drinking as well as irrigation supply schemes in coastal catchments are of Bhopal district of M.P for sustainable development. Inappropriate disposal and accidental release into environment toxic and hazardous substances form chemical and industrial activities have created serious environmental public health problems all over the world.

The heavy metal pollution ofHalali Damwater is mainly due to effuents of Patra nallalh and effluents of industries situated nearly the river. The low concentration of heavy metals is due to mixing and dispersion effect of fresh water that flows down in the stream

ThePatra nallahandGaniyaririver are two main streams adjoins into dam.Patra nallahis main source of heavy metal pollution and contamination as it contains urban and domestics sewage and effluents of industriese.g.Harshal Paper and Board mill, New Bhopal Textile Hill, Glue factory, Slaughter houses andother small scale and cottage industries, of Bhopal city form Balampur Village.

Material and Methods

In the present study eight sampling stations are chosen at different places of theHalalireservoir nearby villages, bathing and washing places in different seasons. The methods for water analysis used as prescribed by APHA (1985) and NEERI (1986). Water samples are acidified 2 or 3 times and evaporated up to dryness and dissolbed in HNO3 and samples then used to perking Elmer, AAS with air -acetylene flame to detect the trace elements at different wavelength fo light and width of specified solution and slit. The instrument is calibrated for each metal to be analysed, with known solution and programing aspirate the pretrated sample to the flame. Set zero with double distilled water before each detection, results are displayed in µgm/L from which the actual concentration in the water sample can be calculated and total metal content of the water samples can be obtained in (ppm.)

The Sampling Stations are

1. EAST of the Halali Dam
2. DWD Guest House Irrigation Deptt.
3. Near Shahpur Village
4. Kurana Village
5. Kirat Nagar
6. After Kurana Village
7. West of Halali Dam
8. The Halali Dam

Results and Discussion

Heavy metals, possible the most persistent of the environments pose a threats to the aquatic species and have detrimental effect on aquatic organisms and they reach higher trophic levels through food chain may adversely affect the entire ecosystem in the food chains especially, those terminating in the human beings are of renewed interest, largely due to several instance of human intoxication as have occurred with Hg, Cd and Pb, Zn Pb and Cd metals in air, soil and water have been reported more than the natural concentration in urban areas especially. Those which are highly industrialized (forstner and wittman, 1979).

The results of the present study are summarized in Tabel - 1 as A, B,C silt-rediments sewage disposal points and sewage confluence points respectively.

Copper

铜是在环境中无处不在,因此it is frequently present in reservoir water. Large doses of copper irritates the stomach (Ross, 1955). ISI (1983) has prescribed limit of 0.05 mg/L for copper. In the present study copper present in the range of 1.44-7.8 , 0.06-3.6 and 0.090.-2.94 ppm is silt sediments, near sewage disposal and sewage confluence points respectively wel within the premissible limit. Copper is essential components of key metalloenzyme that maintains the vascular and nervous system. Deficiency of copper causes livestock’s disease, excessive accumulation of copper in tissue occurs in Wilson’s disease, causes neurological dysfunction and progessive cirrhosis.

Iron

Iron may be present in surface water in varying amounts from 0.5 to 100ppm (Ernst, 1991), ISI (1983) and WHO (1984) have set a desirable limit of 1.0mg/L for drinking purpose. In the present study iron found in the range of 0.02 - 0.64, 0.026-0.34 and 0.018-0.024 ppm in silt sediments, near sewage disposal point and sewage confluence points repectively. Lower values of 0.020 ppm at SS8, SS7 and SS8 while the higher values recorded at SS2, SS3 and SS1.

Manganese

Manganese is an essential element, which does not oocur naturally as a metal but is found in various salts and minerals and found in various salts and minerals frequently is association with iron compounds. Mn is a vital nutrient for both platns and animals. The deficiently state of Mn has not been found in human, it’s deficiency is characterized by defective growth bone abnormalities and reproductive dysfunction. The concentration of Mn recorded maximum of 1.24, 0.98, 0.88 ppm and minimum values of 0.60, 0.09 and 0.090 ppm in Halali Dam silt-sediments near sewage disposal land near sewage confluence points respectively. A concentration of 0.1mg/L has been recommended as desirable limit and 0.3 mg/ l as the maximum permissible limit for drinking water (BIS, 1991). The presence of Mn beyond the permissible limit for imparts alien taste to water. It also has adverse effect on domestics uses and water supply structures. Higher concentration may be attributed to the reducing conditions of the water and dissoltuion of Mn bearing salts from the soil strata.

Table - 1: Study of heavy metals inHalalireservoir 2005-06