当前世界环境

Introduction

污染的空气to increase in industrialization, insufficient implementation of preventive measures, emission of waste gases into the air without taking adequate technical problems. Air pollution becomes one of the main problems facing by man today, which literally means spoiling the environments of living beings, climate and plant kingdom.

Nizam Deccan Sugar Factory (NDSF) is one of the major sugar factories of India. It is situated in the heart of the Bodhan town of the Nizamabad District in Andhra Pradesh. It is about 30 KM away from Nizamabad City. NDSF is a well known sugar factory established in 1938 under the then Nizam Nawab. Earlier the area under the purview of the factory for cultivation was spread over 16,000 Acres.

The main product of NDSF is sugar and alcohol from molasses.The factory uses large quantity of bagasee to generate steam, by which sufficient quantity of suspended particulates and NO_x,SO₂are added in the air during the functioning of factory. This is due to adequate technical precautions.

Material and Methods

Figure - 1: Ambient Air Monitoring Concentration of RPM in Windward Direction Click kere to view figure

Figure - 2: Ambient Air Monitoring Concentration of RPM in Leeward Direction Click kere to view figure

Air sampling carried out in windward and Leeward direction at two permanent places in NDSF campus, at about 100-150 M away from the chimney. Sampling was carried out during day time. Period of sampling was nearly eight hours. The sampling was done during crushing season (November-February) and non crushing season (March-April)of the factory. The quality standard of ambient air measured with the help of respirable dust high volume sampler Envirotech (APM 460) and Gas Sampler (APM 411).

Figure - 3: Ambient Air Monitoring Concentration of NOx/ SO2in Windward Direction Click kere to view figure

呼吸道尘埃浓度(RPM)是不同的ned by a gravimetric analysis, which required an accurate estimation of the change in weight of the filter on account of the dust deposited on it. Filter paper (Whatmann) used in high volume sampler was made of binder free glass fiber and non-hygroscopic. It was dried prior to weighment. Spectrophotometer and digital balance was used for other chemical analysis. The rate of air flow was maintained 1.1 m³/ min to 1.30 m³/ min.for SPM / RPM and for gaseous pollutants rate of air flow was maintained 1.01 lpm. The concentration of SPM/RPM in Ambient air is expressed in microgram per cubic meter of air sampled

	Figure - 4: Ambient Air Monitoring Concentration of NOx/ SO2in Leeward Direction Click kere to view figure

The measurement of SPM / RPM is done as per the standard procedure laid down by manufacturer of high volume sampler, and IS-5182 Part – IV 1973¹. For monitoring of NO_x,Standard procedure IS-5182 Part V 1975²and Jacob and Hochheiser 1958³was followed. For monitoring SO_2,standard procedure IS-5182 Part II 1969⁴and west and Grake 1956⁵method was followed.

Table - 1: Ambient air monitoring concentration of rpm in windward direction Click kere to view table

Results and Discussion

During burning of Bagasse and coal smoke is emitted through the chimney. The emission of smoke from chimney leads to change the natural air quality surrounding the factory area. The factory is surrounded by lowly populated area. The air pollution broadly due to SPM / RPM and gaseous pollutants such as NO_x,SO₂and CO etc, dispersed in air. The health effects are primarily caused by respirable particulates in the size range of 0.5 to 10 Microns. As such when the main objective in Ambient air quality monitoring is to protect the local community, the measurement of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) alone may be often, misleading. Respirable dust is a better index then TSP. Hence the investigation was carried out to estimate the Respirable Particulate matter (RPM) collected over the filter paper (Whatmann) installed in APM 460 along with other parameters such as NO_x,and SO₂with gas sampler APM 411.

Table - 2: Ambient air monitoring concentration of rpm in Leeward direction Click kere to view table

The results reveals that from Table 1, 2 and Fig 1,2 the RPM / SPM Values are found above the NAAQ Standards, EPA 1971,⁶during crushing season (November – February) in Windward andLeeward directions. But with in the permissible limits in Non-crushing season (March-April). It has been estimated that over 50 % of particulates are in the range of 0.01 and 0.1mm. These particulates resulting in various respiratory problems D’ Amato 1999,⁷polasa 2001,⁸Takafuji and Nakagama 2000,⁹D’ Amato et al 2000,¹⁰Peden 2001,¹¹V.Kumar and Jain 1991.¹²

Table - 3: Ambient air monitoring concentration of NOX and SO2 in Windward direction Click kere to view table

Table - 4: Ambient air monitoring concentration of NOX and SO2 in Leeward direction Click kere to view table

Among the oxides of Nitrogen (NO_x), Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is considered to be most toxic. It causes various respiratory diseases because of its solubility , Patty 1963,¹³Calabrese 1978.¹⁴It is clear from Table III,and IV that the amount of NO_xemitted from the chimney is below the maximum limits, Mukerjee, Biswarup1996,¹⁵Tripathi and Panigrahi 2000¹⁶. It was observed that NO_xreleased only during the crushing season along with smoke and it is not harmful for living beings around the factory.

Sulphur dioxide is a colourless, non-explosive gas. It has a pungent smell at high concentration(at 3 ppm ) SO₂Causes effects on health, visibility and on Vegetation. It is clear from Table III,and IV that the amount of SO₂emitted from the chimney is well below standards. SO₂released only during crushing season and is under detectable limit.

Conclusions

The present study shows that the concentration of RPM / SPM is found above the standards during crushing season and within the permissible limits during non-crushing season. The concentration of NO_xand SO₂is well below the standards. According to a study many people of these areas are affected by the air pollution caused due to bagasse emanating from the factory during the crushing season. The boilers belch out clouds of black smoke that engulf the areas. The houses are covered with soot and vessels lose their original colour.

The nostril becomes sooty and respiratory diseases like asthma and cough and other ailments are rampant. Children and the elderly are the worst sufferers. Hence the proper steps should be taken to reduce concentration of RPM / SPM in the exhaust coming out from the chimney of the factory in the interest of the public health.

References

1. IS-5182; methods of measurement of Air Pollution, Suspended Matter. Part-IV (1973).
2. IS-5182; methods of measurement of Air Pollution, Nitrogen Oxides. Part-V (1975).
3. Jocob, MB and Hochheiser,Anal. Chem.(1958) 30: 426.
4. IS-5182; methods of measurement of Air Pollution, Sulpher Dioxide. Part-II (1969).
5. West, P.W. and Grake, G.C, ISC, Method No.42401-01-69T,Anal Chem.,(1956) 28: 1816.
6. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA National Primary and Secondary Ambient air quality standards Federal Register (1971) 36(84): 31-32, April.30.
7. D’ Amato. G, Outdoor Air Pollution in Urban areas and allergic respiratory diseases,Monaldi Arch Chest Dis,(1999) 54(6): 470-474.
8. Polasa. R, The interaction between particulate Air Pollution and allergens in enhancing allergic and airway responses,Curr Allergy Asthma(2001) 1(2): 102-107.
9. Takafuji. S and Nakagama. T, Air Pollutions and allergy,J. Investig. Allergol ClinImmunol,(2000) 10(3), 123 -128.
10. D’ Amato. G et al , Environmental risk factors (Outdoor Air Pollution and Climate changes) and increased trend to respiratory allergy, J. Investig, Allergol Clin. Immunol, (2000) 10(3): 123-8.
11. Peden D.B., Air Pollution in Asthma; Effect of pollutants on Airway inflammation:AnnAllergy(2001).
12. Vinod Kumar. A and Jain R.K., Ambient Air Quality and Health Survey of Steam Loco shed, Jabalpur. J. IPHE, INDIA, (1991) 1991(4).
13. Patty F.A. and Patty G.M,J.Ind.Hug. Toxicol.(1963) 25: 361.
14. Calabrese.E.J., Pollutants and high-risk groups, wiley Inter Sciences, New york (1978).
15. Mukerjee;Biswarup,pollution an the Indian Scenaro, In Environmental Biology, Tata Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi; (1996) 487-501.
16. Tripathi A.K and Panigrahi, G.P. Assessment of air pollution due to SPM, NO_{x ,}SO₂at IRE Ltd. Oscom Environment ,IJEP,(2000) 20(12): 901-905.