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Introduction

Heavy metals contamination in ground water is a major problem across the world. Heavy metals are naturally present in the ecosystems. However, in recent decades the heavy metal concentration levels are increasing in ground water, river and soil system due to anthropogenic activities such as chemical industries, mining, fertilizers, emission from automobiles, and agriculture runoff.^1-4Heavy metal contaminations in the ground water system are a serious concern in most of the developing countries.^1,5,6Because heavy metals are dangerous for the health of humans and natural systems such as river, soil and ground water. Heavy metals pollute the river as well as the ground water quality and cause many diseases. Globally, several studies have reported the heavy metals cause diseases like cancer, kidney dysfunction, liver failure, neurological disorders, reproductive disorders and gastrointestinal disorder.^7-10Therefore, monitoring the heavy metal ions concentration in water bodies must be a prerequisite to its consumption for drinking purpose.

Increase in the population of National Capital Region (NCR) and rapid urbanization have contributed a serious threat to heavy metal ion pollution in the river as well as in ground water system. In the NCR, especially in Delhi, the river Yamuna serves like domestic water supply, agricultural activities, and various uses for the people. Several studies reported that the river Yamuna contaminated with heavy metals due to the effluent discharges from industries, dumping of garbage and waste water from houses.^2,11,12Monitoring of heavy metal contamination in rivers and ground water is essential because the higher level of heavy metals may have a serious impact on not only in human life but also in natural ecosystem.

Ground water is a very precious natural resource for the human beings. Therefore, the ground water quality is very critical that influence the human health and agricultural activities. The changes in chemical composition or heavy metal ions concentration in ground water may affect grain production and bioaccumulation in vegetable crops.^13,14The present research work was carried out to assess the presence of various heavy metal ions contamination in ground water of NCR, India. This study was further emphasised on some basic hydro-chemical properties and heavy metals of groundwater in the NCR.

Materials and Methods

Study Area

The water samples were collected from different locations viz.,Najafargarh (latitude28°37'44.58"Nandlongitude76°59'26.28"E),Bindapur (latitude28°36'37.48"Nandlongitude77° 4'7.02"E), Dwarka (latitude28°34'56.27"Nandlongitude77° 2'59.91"E), Uttam Nagar (latitude28°37'0.81"Nandlongitude77° 3'16.67"E)andSonipat (latitude28°59'35.10"Nandlongitude77° 0'54.26"E),in the NCR, India (Fig 1).The study area falls undersemi-arid condition and it is characterized by three important seasons namely, summer, monsoon, and winter.

Figure 1: Map Showing the Study Sites in Delhi NCR Region. Click here to view Figure

Sampling and Analysis

水从选择收集的样本sites in amber bottles. The samples were brought to laboratory and few drops of HNO₃ added to minimize the microbial activities and avoid precipitation of some heavy metals.¹⁵Before the heavy metal analysis, the water samples were digested with nitric acid.¹⁶After digestion, the Whatman filter paper 41 was used for filtering the samples and the extract volume was raised to 50 ml using doubled distilled water. All samples were preserved in reagent bottles at room temperature for further analysis. All the filtered water samples were determined for selected heavy metal ions, i.e., Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), and Lead (Pb), by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Sens AAS Dual, GBC, Australia) using Merck standards. The electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), and salinity of the water samples were determined using multi parameter device (Hanna instruments).

Pollution Load Index

The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was calculated to determine the ground water quality of the sites.^{17, 18}The following formula was used to calculate PLI;

PLI = n √ (CF₁X CF₂X CF₃X ......CF_n)

Contamination Factor (CF) = C_metal/ C_MAC

Where, C_metalis the concentration of metal and C MAC is the maximum allowed concentration of the particular metal. MAC values are taken from the BIS 2012.

Statistical Analysis

The SPSS (SPSS version 16, SPSS Inc., Chicago 1L, USA) and Minitab software for windows were used for all statistical data analysis. In order to find out whether the measured parameters are significantly different or not (p < 0.05) the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The relationship between all the selected variables were estimated using Pearson’s linear correlation with p < 0.05 significant threshold.

Results and Discussion

表1显示了所选基本的水化学公关operties of ground water samples collected from different sites in the NCR. This study found the significant difference (p < 0.05 level) in the concentration values of the measured parameters and heavy metals among the study sites. The EC, TDS and salinity values range from 0.32 to 11.41 mS/cm, 233 to 8100 ppm and 154 to 6310 ppm respectively (Table 1). The EC was highest in BC (11.41 mS/cm) and lowest in UN (0.32 mS/cm). The EC of water is a measure of the total dissolved chemicals or ions and it would indicate the level of contamination. The excess ions in the water may be an indicator of the contaminated or polluted water.¹⁹In our study, the ions concentrations were highest in BC, followed by NG, BP, BG, SP and UN in the study region. Among the study sites, the highest EC, TDS and salinity was found in BC, followed by NG, BP, BG, SP and UN. The salinity value of BC was not in the permissible limit.²⁰The TDS values were also not in the permissible limit in NG, BP, BG and SP sites, but they are in the acceptable limit.²⁰Interestingly, in BC the TDS value (8100 mg/L) was fourfold higher than the acceptable limit, i.e. 2000 mg/L.²⁰

Table 1: Basic Hydro-Chemical Properties of Groundwater Samples.

±indicates standard error ;NG – Najafargarh , BP- Bidanpur, BC - Dwarka, BG- BCAS-Ground water, SP –Sonipat, UN - Uttam Nagar

Heavy Metals

Figure 2 shows the heavy metals ion concentration in the groundwater samples. Overall, the order of the mean values of heavy metal ion in ground water was Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd. The zinc (Zn) concentration was found highest (2.69 mg/L) in BC, followed by BG, SP, BP, UN and NG ( 1). The nickel (Ni) concentration was comparatively higher in BC (0.49 mg/L) than that of NG, BP, BG, SP and UN. Similarly, the chromium (Cr) concentration was more in BC (0.45 mg/L) followed by NG, BG, BP, SP and UN. The highest concentration of lead was found in BC (0.070 mg/L) followed by BG, BP, NG, SP and UN. The arsenic (As) concentration was highest in BC (0.026 mg/L) followed by BP, BG, SP, NG and UN. The copper concentration was highest (0.004 mg/L) in NG, followed by BC, UN, BP, BG and SP. The cadmium (Cd) concentration was highest in BC (0.005 mg/L) followed by NG, BP, BG, BP and SP. This study did not detect any cadmium in the water sample collected from the UN site. Although the site wise variations in the heavy metals concentrations in the ground water clearly reflect the various levels of anthropogenic activities and diverse nature of contaminates available in the sites.

Figure 2: Concentration (mg /L) of Some Major Heavy Metals in Groundwater Samples. Click here to view Figure

Table 2 shows the measured parameters with its BIS permissible limits. The concentration of As was higher than the acceptable limit in BC and it may have a serious impact on human health, if they consume without treatment, especially it can cause cancer, skin cancer, neurological disorders, pulmonary disease, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.^21,22Except UN, the concentration of Pb was not in the acceptable limit.²⁰If people consume the water with high concentration of Pb (>0.01 mg/L) may have a serious problem of sleeplessness, arthritis, renal dysfunction, vertigo, paralysis and brain damage.^{21, 23}镍的浓度高于接受able limit at NG, BP, BC and BG. The excess Ni in the human body may cause cancer.²¹The excess amount of Zn in water (>1.5 mg/L) is harmful and it may cause cell death in the brain, gastrointestinal tract problems and prostate cancer.²¹The concentrations of Zn and Cu were in the acceptable limits (sampling sites). The Cr concentration was more than the acceptable level at BC, BG and NG. However, it has been observed that the Cd concentration was more than the acceptable level only at BC. The excess amount of Cr and Cd in water is harmful and it causes renal dysfunction, lung disease, kidney damage, osteomalacia, glucosuria, emphysema, aminoaciduria respiratory tract problems, stomach and small intestine damages and cancer.²¹

Table 2: Hydro Chemical Parameters with its BIS Limit.

The concentration of heavy metals is varying from site to site in the study region. For example, at NG, the Pb, Ni, and Cr concentrations were higher than the acceptable limit.²⁰In BP, the As, Pb, and Ni concentrations were more than the permissible level. In BC, the As, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd concentrations were more than the acceptable level. In BG, the Pb, Ni, and Cr concentrations were higher than the acceptable limit. In SP, only the Pb concentration was higher than the acceptable limit. The measured heavy metals concentrations were in the acceptable limit only at the UN site. Thus, except UN, the ground water collected from the other sites are contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, it may have a direct effect on human health if they are not properly treated and consumed directly by the local people around this region.

The present study calculated the CF and PLI of the selected study sites (Table 3). The CF value >6 indicates very high contamination; 3 -6 indicates the considerable high contamination; 1-3 indicates the moderate contamination and <1 indicates low contamination.^17,18Thus the highest CF values of all the sampling sites were observed by metal Ni followed by Pb, Cr, As, Zn and Cu (Table 3). Likewise, if the PLI value >1 indicates polluted and <1 not polluted.^17,18In this study, the PLI values were less than one in all the sampling sites, except in BC (Table 3). In BC site, the PLI value was higher than one which clearly indicates that ground water at this site is contaminated with heavy metals. Several studies have also reported that the Najafgarh drain carries industrial and domestic effluents (from various additional drains passing through the industrial areas of NCR region) contain lots of heavy metals.^{2, 19}This may be the reason that the ground water of BC site is more polluted with heavy metals than other sites.

Table 3: Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) of the selected Study Sites.

Table 4 shows the correlation matrix of the measured parameters. This study found the linear relationships between the measured parameters except with Cu (Table 3). The present study found a strong linear relationship (R²= 1, p < 0.05)在欧共体和TDS之间。因此,维issolved matters in water play a significant role in the change in EC of the water.¹⁹The linear relationship between EC, TDS, salinity and other heavy metals clearly reflect the similar level of contaminations or release from the same sources of pollutants in the study sites. Several studies have reported that the entire Yamuna river stretch in the NCR is contaminated with moderate to high levels due to industrial effluent discharge, sewage discharge, and dumping of domestic garbage in the river.^{2, 12}Thus, frequent monitoring of heavy metal ions concentration in ground water of studied region is prerequisite to make awareness among the people about the quality of water and risk of using this water for domestic purpose.

Table 4: Correlation Co-Efficient of Hydro Chemical Parameters in Ground Water Samples.

Conclusion

All the ground water samples, except the water collected from Uttam Nagar (UN), are predominantly contaminated with heavy metals viz., Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and As. The site wise variations with regard to heavy metals concentration, in the ground water could be due to various levels of anthropogenic activities and different types of contaminants. This study highlights the risk of using the ground water from BC site followed by BP, BG, NG, SP and UN for domestic consumption. Besides, the government and pollution control board may impose more rigorous and regular monitoring system of ground water in the NCR, India.

Acknowledgements

作者要感谢K.S. Rao教授,佛rmer head of the Department of Botany, University of Delhi for extending research facilities to analyze the samples in his laboratory. The authors are gratefully acknowledge the Principals of Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences and Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi for their motivation.

Funding Source

No financial assistance was received for this study.

的利益冲突

No conflict of interest among the authors.

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