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Introduction

River ecosystems are most important lotic fresh water habitats for many aquatic animals and benthic animals are one of these animal. Benthic animals are generally found in both of fresh water habitats i.e. – lotic habitats and lentic habitats. Benthos spends their whole life in bottom of aquatic ecosystem because of their feeding nature. Basically they are detritus feeders and divided in to two types – microzoobenthos and macrozoobenthos. Macro benthos are those animals which can be seen with naked eyes. Their diversity and distribution are good indicators of water quality of an ecosystem that’s why they are known as bioindicators. In the present investigation diversity and distribution of Macroinvertebrates were recorded for the period of two years from July 2017 to June 2019. The study was focused on two main phyla of macrozoobenthos community of arthropoda and mollusca. Macrozoobenthos show sessile and sedentary behavior .Aquatic organisms are common indicator of aquatic environmental conditions.¹Macrozoobenthic fauna serve as a biological indicator of aquatic ecosystem.²Physicochemical quality of water is the factors that influence species composition of a water body.³Macrobenthos are good source of fish food and their food chain.⁴They are Ecological engineers of ecosystems.⁵Fresh water ecosystem was the conservation priority during International decade Action⁶and in the present time also. Periodical bioassessment of taxonomic diversity of aquatic ecosystem play an important role for nature and ecological protection. Different measures are used in bioassessment for fresh water.⁷Macrozoobenthos由于其特殊的特征cs are indicator of the water quality of an aquatic ecosystem.^8,9The abundance of macrozoobenthos are depending on its surrounding environment.²composition of benthic community is directly related to water quality¹⁰.The present research was aimed to study the distribution of benthic macro fauna of Tawa river.

Material and Methods

Study Area

Tawa River is one of the major tributaries of Narmada in the central India.The Tawa originates from Satpura hills of Betul district and flows towards Hoshangabad District of (Madhya Pradesh).The Tawa joins to Narmada river at Bandrabhan village of Hoshangabad. The preserve forest BORI is situated along the Tawa. Bori sanctuary of the preserve forest is very famous part of Biosphere of Panchmarhi of Hoshangabad district.

Figure 1: Map Showing Position of Tawa River. Click here to view Figure

Figure 2: Map Showing Catchment Area of River – Tawa. Click here to view Figure

Study Sites

Total 8 sites were identified for the research. Their geographical positions are shown in the Table 1. These sites arranged from upstream to downstream and joins to Narmada in Bandrabhan village at district Hoshangabad.

Table 1: Position of Sampling Stations.

Sampling station	Name of sites	Latitude	Longitude
S1	Sarni (power plant area)	22.05068	78.1300
S2	Ghoradondri (banspur)	22.1610	77.996
S3	Bhoura (khapa)	22.2620	77.927
S4	Ranipur(dam area)	22.5747	77.98004
S5	Maharghat	22.684	77.831
S6	Babai bridge	22.7104	77.83144
S7	Raipur	22.71785	77.7254
S8	Bandrabhan (Tawa-Narmada confluence point)	22.7441	77.7369

Protocoll

Selected sites were visited periodically to gather samples of benthic macro-fauna. To collect samples, various types of gears like surber sampler, D-net sampler, kick net sampler, and grab sampler etc. were used according to river bed of the sites. 0.5 to 0.6 micron mesh sized sieve were used to collect benthic macro fauna. Separated fauna were washed carefully and stored in labeled plastic bottles. 4% formalin were used for benthos preservation. Collected animals were identified upto the species level. Microscope and hand lens were used to observe detailed features of the animals.

Diversity and Richness Index

Collected samples were recorded in a manner of tabulation chart. After the collection of data, statistical analysis was done. In the present paper two important diversity index were analysed.

Diversity Index of Shannon

Shannon index is very common index which is used for diversity calculation of a habitat.¹¹The index value ranges between 0.0 and 5.00.

Table 3: Index Value and Diversity of Shannon Index.

Index value	Diversity
1.5 to 3.5	Common
3.6 to 4.5	Rich
4.5 to 5.0	Very rich

H’= ∑ [(ni / N)*(ln ni / N)]

H’= Shannon Diversity Index

倪=数量的个性化ls belonging to i species

N = Total number of individuals of all species

Richness Index of Margalef

The margalef index formula is used to calculate richness of species.¹²This index shows richness of species in a habitat.r

d = (S -1) / ln N

d = Margalef Diversity Index

S = Total number of species

N = Total number of individuals

Result and Discussion

During the study, total 48 taxa of macrozoobenthos belonging to phylum Mollusca and Arthropoda were noted form eight sampling station of the study area. Out of these 48 taxa, 17 taxa of classGastropodarepresented by two ordersMegastropodaandHygrophila分别为4和1的家庭。类双壳纲was represented by three orders with four familiesAmblemidae,Unionidae,Corbiculidaeand Lymnaeidae. Phylum Arthropoda has been recorded with two classes Insecta and Malacostraca. Class Insecta were represented by 6 orders and 17 families with 25 taxa while class Malacostraca represented by one order with a family. Class Insecta of phylum Arthropoda and class Gastropoda of phylum Mollusca were main representatives of macrozoobenthos of the river. Similar observations were recorded at Ganjal River, Ken River and Streams of Yedigoller National Park^{14, 15, 16}.Bellamya bengalensisof mollusca is a dominant species and found at all eight sampling stations and Total 41 individuals were collected. More than 20 taxa of phylum arthropoda and mollusca were recorded from four sampling sites S-1, S-2, S-3, and S-5. Maximum taxa varieties were noted from site1 and 5. Lowest number of taxa was observed from site 4 and 6.Bellamya bengalensis(family-Viviparidae) andBrotia costula(family-Thiaridae) of phylum mollusca were recorded from all the sampling stations. Phylum Arthropoda are dominant in position than Mollusca. Dominancy of phylum arthropoda in the river ecosystem was reported by Vyas, et.al. ,Sharma, et.al. and Khan^{17, 18, 19.}这可能是由于良好的生境条件和food availability for Arthropods in the river. The finding of this study reports the current position of macrozoobenthos diversity of river Tawa.

Figure 3: Composition of Taxonomic Group of Macrozoobenthos. Click here to view Figure

Figure 4: Species Level Distribution of Macrozoobenthos at Different Sampling Sites. Click here to view Figure

Table 2: Diversity of Macrozoobenthos of Tawa River.

S.No.	Taxa	Sampling Stations
		S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8
Phylum	Mollusca
Class	Gastropoda
Order	Megastropoda
Family	Viviparidae
1	Bellamya bengalensis	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
2	Bellamya dissimilis	-	+	-	+	+	+	+	+
3	Bellamya heliciformis	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+
4	Bellamya crassa	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-
5	Angulyagra microchaetophora	-	-	+	-	+	-	+	-
Family	Thiaridae
6	Melanoides tuberculata crebra	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
7	T.Melanoides tuberculata	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	-
8	Tarebia granifera	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-
9	Thiara (M.) tigrina raoi	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+
10	Brotia costula	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
11	Brotia costula juvenile	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+
Family	Bithyniidae
12	Gabbia travancorica	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	-
13	Digoniostoma cerameopoma	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+
Family	Pilidae
14	Pila globosa	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-
Order	Hygrophila
Family	Planorbidae
15	Gyraulus velifer	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+
16	Gyraulus rotula	+	-	+	+	+	-	-	+
17	Indoplanorbis exustus	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-
Class	Bivalve
Order	Trigoinoida
Family	Amblemidae
18	Parreysia radiatula crispisulcata	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	-
19	Parreysia R. caerulea	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	+
Family	Unionidae
20	Lamellidens narainporensis	+	-	-	+	-	+	-	-
Order	Veneroida
Family	Corbiculidae
21	Corbicula striatella	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	-
Order	Basomatophora
Family	Lymnaeidae
22	Lymnaea accuminata	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Odonata
Family	Gomphidae
23	Gomphus vastus	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
24	progomphus larva	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Family	Aeshnidae
25	Anux sps.	-	+	-	+	+	+	-	-
	Lestidae
26	Lestes sps	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Family	Libellulidae
27	Libellula luctuosa	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-
28	Libellula larva	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-
Family	Cordulegastridae
29	Cordulegaster larva	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+
Family	Petalurdaei
30	Tachopteryx larva	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-
Family	Coenagrionidae
31	Enallagma sps.	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-
32	Enallagma larva	-	-	+	+	+	-	+	+
Family	Macromiidae
33	Macromia larva	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	-
Order	Hemiptera
Family	Nepidae
34	Ranatra sp.	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	-
35	Nepa sp.	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	+
Family	Corixidae
36	Sigara sp.	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Order	Diptera
Family	Culicidae
37	Culicinae larva	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-
38	Culex pipiens larva	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-
39	wyeomyia larva	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-
Order	Lepidoptera
Family	Noctuidae
40	Bellura larva	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-
Order	Ephemeroptera
Family	Baetidae
41	callibaetis larva	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-
Family	Siphlonuridae
42	ameletus larva	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+
Family	Behningiidae
43	Dolamia larva	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-
Order	Coleoptera
Family	Carabidae
44	Omophron adult	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+
45	Bembidion adult	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-
Family	Elmidae
46	Optioservus adult	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-
47	Stenelmis adult	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-
Class	Malacostraca
Order	Decapoda
Family	Palaemonidae
48	Palaemonetes sp.	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-

In the study, Diversity index was from 2.22 to 2.93.The diversity value of site no. 5 was highest and lowest value of index was noted at site 6. Site1 and 2 shows similar diversity composition of species with index value 2.7. The Margalef index shows richness of species. The value margalef diversity index ranges between 5.53 to 2.26 and highest value was recorded at site 5.Taxonomic richness at sampling site 1 and 5 may be due to favorable habitats for macrozoobenthos. Similar conclusion was made by Vyas at Barna Stream¹³and Mouri River by Khan et.al²⁰.

Table 3: Shannon and Margalef Index of the Sampling Sites.

Sampling Sites	No. of Species	No. of Individual	Shannon Diversity Index	Margalef Diversity Index
Site-1	24	87	2.74	5.15
Site-2	23	96	2.72	4.82
Site-3	21	111	2.29	4.24
Site-4	15	132	2.23	2.26
Site-5	24	64	2.93	5.53
Site-6	15	62	2.22	3.39
Site-7	17	61	2.28	3.89
Site-8	18	131	2.35	3.48

Figure 5: Graphical Presentation of Species Level Distribution. Click here to view Figure

Figure 6: Graphical Presentation of Shannon and Margalef Diversity Index of Sampling Sites. Click here to view Figure

Conclusion

In the present study of macrozoobenthos diversity of Tawa river, dominant phylum was Arthropoda followed by Mollusca. The range of Shannon diversity index was lies between 2.93 to 2.22 which are indicating moderate pollution level in the sampling sites. Species diversity value in the range of 1.00 to 3.00 indicates moderate pollution in the water. Margalef diversity index value varied from 2.26 to 5.53 in the study and indicates low species richness. Road connectivity increased human activities in the study area. Moreover, Agriculture activities, dam, activity of power plant, over exploitation and human disturbance in the study area may be cause to change habitat structure and low of species richness.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to the Department of zoology and aquaculture and Department of Bioscience, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, (M.P) India, for providing necessary facilities for study as well as laboratory analysis. I also thank to my co-workers who helped in all the field studies. I am grateful to my Guide and Co-Guide for their guidance.

Funding Source

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

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