当前世界环境

Introduction

Uttarakhand state is highly enriched with its vegetation including wild edible fruits due to its varied eco-geographical and eco-climatic conditions (Saklani et al; 2011). Central Himalaya is an important source of wild edible fruit species. These wild edible fruits species grow abundantly across an altitudinal gradient of Himalaya and the majority of them bear fruits during summer (Maikhuri et al; 2009).Wild edible plants refer to species that are harvested or collected from their wild natural habitats and used as food for human consumption (Lulekal et al., 2011; Heywood, 2011; Seal, 2012). The wild edible fruits are closely linked with socio-economic condition of rural people of Himalayan region for their day to day requirements.许多野生可食用的水果已经拥有较高的市场value in recent years. They maintain the diversity in the food system which has sustained the hilly rural people for generations from calamities such as crop failure etc. Efforts have been made for cultivation of commercial wild edible fruit crops a lot, but no efforts have been made for its domestication, conservation and utilization of these under-exploited, nutritionally and medicinally rich wild fruits. About 80% of the wild edible are drawn from forest area and sold in the market by rural community for income generation. Due to intense biotic pressure, the indigenous communities residing in the vicinity of forest collects the seed/fruits for the income, due to which the seedling availability is low and the regeneration of most of the wild edible fruit species is poor in their natural habitats. (Sundriyal and Sundriyal, 2001; Jeeva et al; 2011). . Intense biotic pressure like grazing, fire, lopping, encroachment, illicit felling, collection of seeds and fruits etc are the most important reasons of the failure of natural regeneration. Natural regeneration of some of the wild edible fruit plants is however, affective in forest areas where condition is conductive.Increased overexploitation of wild edibles may cause threat to regeneration of certain species. Onaccount of their nutritional and pharmaceutical potential, the wild edible fruit plants in the Himalayan region, have emerged as potential resources for addressing issues of rural development and biodiversity conservation

人类,野生动物冲突的中央国际空间站ues in particular for cases that required a balance between the demands of forest resources between human and wildlife. Direct damage by wildlife is commonly referred to as the main driver of conflict and there is an urgent need to device method to reducing such damage. In the hilly areas of Uttarakhand, the Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus) damage several crops and fruit varieties and there are several reports of human conflicts with langurs and Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Over 675 species of wild edible fruits species belonging to 384 genera and 149 families are known from Indian Himalayas.In the present study we tried to concentrate our attention on the Himalayan langur regarding the various wild edible fruits that serves as a staple food for them in different locations in the Himalayan forests. We hypothesize that if there is sufficient food for langur in the forest areas probability of their visit and stay in the human habitats can be reduced if not stopped all together. The main objective of the study was to prepare a list of the some wild edible fruit plants that are eaten by the langur, common fruits that are consumed by both human and langur and assess the regeneration and density of these wild edible fruit plants species in their natural habitats.

Material and Methods

This study was conducted in Nainital district of Kumaun Himalaya between 28⁰44^’to 30⁰49’N latitude and 78⁰45’ to 81⁰01’ E longitudes. Geologically, the rocks comprises of thinly bedded grey calcareous slates and marls interbedded with dolomites and carbonaceous shales at the top (upper krol). The soil is derived predominantly from limestone of krol series (Valdiya, 1980) . The annual rainfall received varies from 2175.6mm to 3739.2mm in Nainital. The mean maximum monthly temperature varies from 17.5⁰C to 29⁰C and 13.1⁰C to 26.2⁰C and mean minimum monthly temperature ranges from 3.1⁰C to 15⁰C和3.9⁰C to 17⁰C. (Verma & Tewari, 2020) The climate is governed by the monsoon rhythms. .

For the present study 3 sites were selected in Nainital district of Kumaun Central Himalaya between 1000-2000m above sea level. Details on wild edible fruits were recorded by interviewing the local people and visiting local forest areas near village margins for inventory knowledge generation on wild edible fruits consumed by Himalayan langur. We also observed at weekly intervals, the fruits/seeds consumed by troupes of langurs over one year. Troupes were estimated as a group of 10-12 langurs. Several Participatory Rural Appraisal meeting were organized at village level involving 10-15 villagers, self-help group and some social workers. The information was gathered after long sessions of discussions on preferred species of fruits/seeds consumed by langurs, regeneration of the species and livelihood related information. An each study site, a permanent plot of 10X10m for trees, 5X5m for sapling and 1X1m for seedling were marked and the density and basal area was estimated (Curtis & Mc Intosh, 1950).

To assess the regeneration status of individual species following categories were created.

去od regeneration = seedling > sapling>adult

Modrate regeneration = seedling ≥ sapling≥adult

Poor regeneration= Adult> sapling > seedling

For estimation of fruit/seed yield was made by counting the number of branches, twigs, number of branches per twigs and number of fruit per branch from 5 tree/ site. (Singh et al; 2019)

Result and Discussion

Observation by the local forest area survey showed that the some important forest tree species bearing fruits areQuercus spp.Aesculus indica,Careya arborea, Myrica esculenta, Rubus ellipticusare consumed by Himalayan langurs are under threats as regeneration of these species is low. Number of seedling and sapling of these species was very short in their natural habitats due to high anthropogenic pressure.On the basis of field studies wild edible fruit species consumed by Himalayan langur, we identified the following major wild edible fruit bearing tree/shrub species that provide food to langur through different seasons.(Table 1)

Table 1: List of selected Tree/Shrub species of wild fruits consumed by Himalayan Langur in Nainital District of Kumaun Central Himalaya

Among these wild edible fruitsMyrica esculenta,Morus alba,Prunus armeniaca, andRubusellipticus,were the most preferred species, which are also human edible and collected by vendors from the forest and sold into the market for income in fruiting season. These species are multipurpose income generating species of rural people of Kumaun Central Himalaya. These species are facing the severe problem of their natural regeneration which is poor..

The diet of the Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus) was studied for 1 year divided into 4 seasons in the Nainital district of Kumaun Central Himalayas between 1000-2000m above sea level. Although they eat leaves of several species in the non- fruit bearing seasons, they are basically frugivores. The size of troupes of langur and its moving range are large. Troupes had two or more than two adult males each, though about 20% of the troupes have only one male each. Newton, 1992; reported that, the troup consumed items from 90% of trees and woody climbers available, in which only 24.4% fruits were consumed and 60-65% rest part of the trees were used for diet. Observation showed that the fruits consumed by Himalayan langur was 70-80% which was more than these reported values. Also found that the langurs changed their monthly diet according to the availability of fruits and seeds. Diet ofP.entellusis approximately 50% fruits including ripe pulpy fruits. This is only possible in the period of maximum fruit/seed availability (Sugiyama, 1976).

Due to the fact that certain wild edible fruits are harvested from their natural habitats for livelihood generation by humans, the regeneration of the species is effected and the fruits become insufficient for the langurs. This is one of the major causes why langurs move towards villages in forest margins and destroy crops. The newly germinated seedlings of someQuercusspecies are also eaten by grazing domestic animals, aggravating regeneration problem. The lesser number of seedling and sapling in these sites, may be due to severe biotic pressure. Regular human/ animal intervention like overgrazing, lumbering and encroachment of forest areas are among the key regulatory factors controlling the distribution of species (Mueller and Dombois; 1974). Research needs to be focused on the basic biology of these wild edible fruit plants and to be understood of their systematic, reproductive biology, ecology and biogeography. Investigations are needed into productivity, harvestibility and regeneration status of wild edible fruit species. By the systematic planning and plantation in the forest areas the food can be provided to the Himalayan langurs through the year and visit to human habitation can be reduced. In large scale afforestation/reforestation program of some important species likeQuercus spp.,Myrica esculenta,Rubus ellipticus,Aesculus indica,Careya arborea, Prunus ceresoides, Indigofera pulchella, etc. in natural forest areas will play an important role in reducing the langur damage to fruits/crops in human habitation.

Acknowledgement

I am thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, for providing Financial Support. I am also thankful to Dr. Ashish Tewari, Department of Forestry, Kumaun University, Nainital, for their valuable suggestion and support to complete my work.

Funding Source

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

References

1. Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P., 1950. “The interrelationship of certain analytic and synthetic characters”. Ecology,31:438-455.
2. Heywood,V.H., 2011. Ethanopharmacology, food production, nutrition and biodiversity conservation towards a sustainable future for indigenous peoples. J Ethnopharmacol. 9:1-15. Doi: 10.1016/j.jep. 2011.05.027.
3. Lulekal, E., Asfaw, Z., Kelbessa, E., Van, D., Amme, P., 2011. Wild edible plants in Ethiopia: a review on their potential to combat food insecurity. Africa Focus. 9:71-121.
4. Maikhuri, R.K., Semwal, R.L., Singh, A., and Nautiyal, M.C., 2009. Wild fruits as a contribution to sustainable rural development: a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. Vol. 1. Pp. 56-68.
5. Paul Newton, 1992. Feeding and ranging patterns of forest hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). International Jounal of Primatology. 13, 245-285.
6. Singh, N., Tewari, A. and Shah,S., 2019. Tree regeneration Pattern and size class distribution in Anthropogenically disturbed sub-alpine treeline areas of Indian Western Himalaya. International Journal of scientific & Technology Research. Volume 8, issue 08, pp.537- 546.
7. Sundriyal, M., Sundriyal, R.C., 2001. Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalayas: Nutritive values of selected species. Economic Botany, 55, pp. 377-390.
8. 密封,T。2012。营养评估能力l of wild edible plants, traditionally used by the tribal people of Meghalaya state in India. American Journal of Plant, Nutrients and Fertilizer Technology. 9:19-26.
9. Sugiyama, Yukimaru., 1976. Characteristics of the Ecology of the Himalayan langurs. Journal of Human Evolution. Vol. 5(3) pp. 249-252.
10. Valdiya, K.S., 1980. Geology of Kumaun lesser Himalaya. Dehradun. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, India.
11. Verma A. and Tewari A. 2020. Seedling mortality and timing of Phenological events inQuercussemecarpifoliadominated Forests in Kumaun Himalayan region. Indian Journal of Ecology 47(2):397-403.