Current World Environment

For trend analysis of various air pollutants and their concentration, manual data (2014-2018) has obtained from WBPCB with given National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), which has shown through clustered column graph. The targeted frequency of manual data collection was bi-weekly, so it could achieve a minimum of 104 days in a year as set by NAAQS. However, 104 days of data were not available as totaled for the year 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018, in that case, 40 or additional days of monitoring annually was consider ample for data evaluation.⁷本周总结,一天两次的人ual dataset of WBPCB from 2014 to 2018, it was 102 days for 2013, 99 days for 2015, 103 days for 2016, 104 days for 2017 and 103 days for 2018 respectively. In order to know about the present scenario of the air quality of Siliguri, AQI data of 2019 was prepared based on the automatic station of Siliguri, which was presented through the master table with different colors accordingly to their health impact and pollution level for the ease of understanding. This master table shows a clear picture about the present air quality of Siliguri for the year 2019. For the preparation of this master table of AQI data of 2019, daily mean average data of 24 hours was collected and noted for analysis from AQI bulletin of CPCB. Lastly, for understanding the trends of PM_2.5and PM₁₀, a trend line was constructed; this trend line was prepared based on data collected from automatic station thrice a month at a regular interval of the first week, second week and third week of a month. This trend line shows a sudden peak during the winter months and its reason has been discussed below.

Air Quality Index

Air Quality Index is a tool designed for an efficient statement of air quality conditions to the public in expressions, which are simple to comprehend. It converts difficult air quality records of a variety of pollutants into a distinct value classification and color.⁸At present, there are six types of Air Quality index which are simple to understand and every type has a specific color that is interrelated with human health impacts. These types are categorized as Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. According to Indian National Air Quality Standards as notified by CPCB set 12 consideration which are nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), PM_2.5, PM₁₀(Particulate matter include small than 2.5 microns and 10 microns), Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb), Ammonia (NH3), Benzene (a) Pyrene (BaP), Benzene (C6H6), Arsenic (As), and Nickel (Ni). The primary eight constraints have both short-range of about 1, 8 and 12 hours and yearly standards, excluding for carbon monoxide and Ozone while remaining four constraints comprise only yearly standards.⁹Every single one of these pollutants could not be noted at every location. Generally, AQI is given only if at least three pollutants recode are available among which one ought to be either PM_2.5or PM₁₀. Otherwise, analyzing AQI is not possible, correspondingly a minimum 16 hours of data is compulsory required for calculating sub-index.^{10, 11}

Results and Discussion

AirQuality Status and Pollution Level

表1:空气质量状况西里古里,2014 - 2018) Click here to View Table

Figure 2: Pollution level of Siliguri based on Exceedance factor (2014-2018) Click here to View Figure

To analysis, the status of air quality and pollution level, the Exceedance factor (EF) method was applied as shown in table 1, which revealed that SO₂(Sulfur dioxide) recorded low in all the years. On the other hand, the concentration of NO₂(Nitrogen dioxide) shows a moderate level from the year 2014 to 2017, and it came down to low during 2018. On average, the pollution level from NO₂was at a moderate level in Siliguri. The Exceedance value for the NO₂in all consecutive years, i.e., from 2014 to 2017, was within 0.5 to 0.6, which is a moderate level, excluding the year 2018. The data for PM_2.5was not available for the years 2014 and 2015, but from 2016 to 2018, it shows a significant amount of concentration in the city, as the range of PM_2.5range between moderate to high between these years. The concentration of PM_2.5based on the Exceedance factor method was 0.9 for 2016, falls to 0.6 for 2017, and again suddenly spike to 0.9 for 2018. Thus it is undeniable that in the near future, it will surpass the moderate limit to high as well as to critical value indeed. In contrast, the level of PM₁₀was severe in all the years, as it ranged from critical to a high level from 2014 to 2018. For the year 2014, the value of PM₁₀is 2.0, which is above the critical value, followed by 1.5 for the year 2015, 1.3 for 2016, 1.0 for the year 2017, and 1.2 for 2018. So it is clear and lucid from the table that PM₁₀was the primary warning for the city because it can cause severe damage to the respiratory system as well as evoke many health complications. Thus it may be presumed that PM_2.5and PM₁₀are the significant pollutants for Siliguri, which seeks immediate action to restraint these particulate matters. It indicates that the ambient air quality of Siliguri has become treacherous, and it must not be considered as a city for healthy living. Many health implications arises mainly cardiovascular and respiratory problems due to these particulate matters as the air becomes detrimental to breathe day by day, which poses a severe threat for the people residing in the city.

The diagram below portrayed based on table 1, also clearly portrays that among all the pollutants, PM₁₀is the foremost pollutants as because it lies among critical to a high level in all successive years. Furthermore, PM_2.5trail with PM₁₀as it positioned between a high to a moderate level and soon exceeds the limit of high to critical if not prevent yet. Similarly, for the case of NO₂, this is the most suitable time to restrain it, or either it will also infringe the limit of moderate to high and became hazardous pollutants for the city in no time. Besides, SO₂remains within a low controlled level.

With rapid trends of urbanization and population growth, Siliguri tends to be a haphazard city, also due to increases in the number of vehicles day by day intensify the congestion of the city. Emissions from diesel-run city autos are considered as the primary culprit behind the hike in the pollution level of Siliguri apart from that; large scale construction work of roads and multistory buildings also contribute to the pollution level in the city.¹²Thus it clears the fact that combustion from vehicles as well as construction works contributes as a major source for PM_2.5and PM₁₀in the city_.

Trendsof Pollutants and its Concentration

Figure 3:Trends ofpollutants and its concentration in Siliguri (2014-2018) Click here to View Figure

In order, to understand the tendency of air quality and concentration of a variety of pollutants, trend analysis was done from 2014 to 2018 based on pollutants; named as SO₂, NO₂, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀which has been shown in figure 3 below. Among all the pollutants, SO2 has recorded the lowest annual average based on the criteria set by NAAQS, which is 50ųg/m3. For the year 2014, the annual average for SO₂in Siliguri was 6 ųg/m3, followed by 3ųg/m3 for the year 2015 and 2016, which even fall to 2 ųg/m3 for the year 2017 and 2018 respectively. Hence it is clear that the concentration of SO₂in Siliguri was low and further declining in nature. Also, in the case of NO_2,the annual concentration recorded was lower than the annual standard criteria set by NAAQS, which is 40ųg/m3. The annual concentration of NO₂for the year 2014 was 24ųg/m3, followed by 18 ųg/m3 for the year 2015, 20ųg/m3 for 2016, again 18 ųg/m3 in 2017 and fall to 17ųg/m3 in 2018. So the trend of NO₂in Siliguri was fluctuating in nature and it is within a tolerable limit. Whereas PM_2.5also shows uneven nature, as the average annual concentration was 35 ųg/m3 for 2016, which came down to 24 ųg/m3 in 2017 and again rises to 34ųg/m3 in 2018 (data for 2014 & 2015 was not available). Moreover, the annual concentration of PM_2.5was almost to violate the annual standard criteria set by NAAQS, which is 40ųg/m3. In contrast to all these three pollutants which show lower annual concentration than the annual standard set by NAAQS, the concentration of PM₁₀was recorded higher for all the years except 2017. For the year 2014, the average annual concentration of PM₁₀was 117ųg/m3, followed by 91ųg/m3 in 2015, 76ųg/m3 in 2016, again drop to 59ųg/m3 in 2017 (which is lower than NAAQS annual average standard of 60ųg/m3) and again increases to 72ųg/m3 in 2018. So it can be said that the trends of various pollutants in Siliguri was varying in nature. According to the figure above, the only pollutants that violating the national standard set by NAAQS is PM₁₀, along with the concentration of PM_2.5is near about the national standard and it can be presumed that it would infringe the limit soon within a couple of years or in a little while.

Present Situation of Air Quality of Siliguri Based on AQI

Table 2: Month-wise Daliy Air Quality Value of Siliguri, 2019 Click here to View Table

Based on the master table 2 below, which has been prepared based on the daily average data of AQI. From this table, it vividly portrays that the Siliguri air quality can be divided into two seasonal variations viz, the period of clean air quality (from April to October) and polluted period (November to March). This type of variations mainly takes place due to seasonal effect as because the location of Siliguri falls under Northern India, and during winter month’s vertical winds over Siliguri drops as high pressure prevails on the ground which results in the concentration of pollutants at the surface for a more extended period and so recording the high pollution levels. The table revealed that January and December were the months when the air quality of Siliguri became worst as the monthly mean for January and December are 231 and 209, respectively which revealed that these months undergo poor air quality which may lead to the distress of breathing for the majority of people. The month of December recodes with a maximum value of AQI, which is 324, and it represents inferior air quality during that day. While January also recodes very poor values of air quality, i.e., 319 and 309. Whereas February, March, and November were the months when air quality became moderately polluted as the monthly averages for these months are 177, 177 and 132 respectively. However, still in this situation, breathing discomfort may take place to heart patients, children’s and older people. On the other hand, April to October registers the clean period with minimal air pollution levels. Among these month’s July to September record the safest air quality and it is due to the monsoonal effect over northern India that suppress the pollutants material. The monthly mean for July, August, and September are 39, 40 and 36 respectively which clearly shows that these three months are the cleanest and safest months among all. It is well predicted that pollution troubles are even worse by a constant atmospheric situation, such as sinking and creation of inversion layers during the pre-monsoon season, or at some stage in monsoon break periods. Through the monsoon period, intense rainfalls wash out aerosols and uncontaminated the air. New studies have recommended that excessive air pollutants in the atmosphere have a direct impact on the hydrological cycle by considerably changing the energy stability in the atmosphere.¹³So it can be said that the air quality of Siliguri shows seasonal variation as during winter it became an unpleasant city to live, in contrast during summer the nature of air quality became amiable.

Trends of PM_2.5and PM₁₀

Figure 4: Trends of PM2.5 & PM10 (2019) Click here to View Figure

The figure above clearly revealed that the peak of both PM_2.5and PM₁₀was high during the winter months of January to February, also smog episode have been noticed on the same period during early February and during Diwali. On the other hand, the concentration of PM_2.5and PM₁₀was started to drop from the beginning of March and came down to the standard average during the monsoon period of June to September. The phenomenon of Smog episodes for the period of winter months like November to February is primarily due to restricted intensification of air pollution because inauspicious meteorological conditions make this happen; like modest wind conditions and temperature inversion. These consequences in the extremely inadequate spreading of air pollution, which ultimately results in amplifying the smog episodes.¹⁴As we know, Diwali is considered as the occasion of the illumination and fireworks which has been celebrated at some point in the months of October to November in our country. During these Diwali nights, ignition of firecracker is very common and these firecrackers contain a huge amount of potassium nitrate followed by carbon and sulfur. As a result the ignition consequences in liberating a massive amount of pollutants like NO₂, PM₁₀, and SO₂in the atmosphere for a short period, which can correlate with a sudden peak of smog in the surrounding environment and can extremely, deteriorate the ambiance of air.¹⁵So it is clear that trends of PM_2.5and PM₁₀became atrocious in the winter season and also during Diwali season, which came to normal during summer due to monsoonal effect.

Conclusion

The significance of the study was to understand the concentration of major ambient air pollutants and their trends in the Siliguri city. Also, the AQI of Siliguri gives a coherent picture of the present condition of the ambient air quality of the city. The concentrations and trends of SO₂and NO₂in the ambient air of Siliguri were below the standard set by NAAQS. In contrast, the concentration of PM₁₀found to be infringed the acceptable limit set by NAAQS. However, PM_2.5was considered as a moderate pollutant presently under the acceptable limit, but very soon it tends to violate the national standard. Also, recent AQI study of 2019 reveals that the air quality of Siliguri became worst during winter seasons which may lead to serious health issues. It may lead to many health issues like breathing problems, headache and irritation of eyes, especially during these winter months. Also, smog episodes were frequent during these winter months as the city was covered by a thick blanket of smog sporadically. So it is comprehensible that the ambient air quality of Siliguri was under critical condition and immediate necessary actions should need to take in order to mitigate the concentration of pollutants.

Emission from vehicles, especially diesel-run city autos should be considered as major causes for such inferior air quality and high concentration of PM₁₀and PM_2.5in the city. An immediate introduction of alternative fuel like compressed natural gas (CNG) and also electric vehicles should be necessary in order to minimize the pollution level. More real-time air monitoring stations should be equipped promptly at various locations of the city. Adoption of BS4 engine (Bharat stage 4) to BS6 for all two and three-wheelers should be mandatory to curb the emancipation of particulate matter. Pollution under control (PUC) certificates should be short term validity so people would renew it at regular intervals and also aggregate of vehicles owned by households should be minimized. Emission of dust particles from construction sites also needs to be reduced soon. Upgradation of the public transport system should also be relevant by improving the efficiency of roads and services. In the case of solid waste management, an advanced method like a bio-methanation plant, scientific landfill and compositing should be adopted. Besides, public awareness should be the utmost importance in order to make Siliguri better in terms of air quality. Furthermore, choosing public transport, cycling, carpooling, maintenance of vehicles and their proper servicing are some minor steps for the betterment of the environment of Siliguri.

Acknowledgement

The Authors would like to thanks West Bengal pollution control board (WBPCB) and Central pollution control board (CPCB) for their detailed data without which it is not possible to complete the findings.

Funding Source

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest

References

1. Sun Z, Zhu D. Exposure to outdoor air pollution and its human health outcomes: A scoping review.Plos One. 2019; 14(5). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0216550.
2. Chaurasia S., Dwivedi P., Singh R., Gupta A.D. Assessment of ambient air quality status and air quality index of Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Current Science. 2013; 9:96-101.
3. Mishra R.K., Shukla A., Parida M. and Pandey G. Urban roadside monitoring and prediction of CO, NO2 and SO2 dispersion from on-road vehicles in megacity Delhi.Transportation Research. 2016; 46:157–165.
4. Nagurney A. Congested urban transportation networks and emission paradoxes.Transportation Research Part: Transport and Environment.2000; 5(2):145–151. DOI: 10.1016/s1361-9209(99)00031-0.
5. Sawalha AF. Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health: a bibliometric analysis of publications in peer-reviewed journals (1900 – 2017).Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. 2019; 13(1). DOI:10.4081/mrm.2018.146
6. Haque S, Singh RB. Air Pollution and Human Health in Kolkata, India: A Case Study.Climate. 2017;5(4):77. DOI: 10.3390/cli5040077.
7. Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring. http://www.indiaairquality.info/wp-content/uploads/docs/2003_CPCB_Guidelines_for_Air_Monitoring.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2019.
8. NATIONAL AIR QUALITY INDEX - indiaenvironmentportal.org.in. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Air Quality Index.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2020.
9. Atmakuri K.C. A Survey Paper on Spatial-Temporal Outliers Influencing Air Quality.International Journal of Engineering Research and Development.2018; 14(1): 39–43.
10. 国家al Air Quality Index. Arthapedia. http://arthapedia.in/index.php?title=National_Air_Quality_Index. Accessed January 17, 2020.
11. 国家al Air Quality Index. https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr_docs/How_AQI_Calculated.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2020
12. Call to solve Siliguri pollution problems.The Statesman. https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/call-solve-siliguri-pollution-problems-1502623872.html. Published April 17, 2018. Accessed February 5, 2020.
13. Bhaskar BV, Mehta VM. Atmospheric Particulate Pollutants and their Relationship with Meteorology in Ahmedabad.Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2010; 10(4):301-315. DOI:10.4209/aaqr.2009.10.0069
14. When do smog episodes arise? — English - irceline.be. http://www.irceline.be/en/documentation/faq/when-do-smog-episodes-arise. Accessed January 22, 2020.
15. Sati AP, Mohan M. Analysis of air pollution during a severe smog episode of November 2012 and the Diwali Festival over Delhi, India.International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2014; 35(19):6940-6954. DOI:10.1080/01431161.2014.960618.