当前世界环境

COVID-19 newl引起的一种传染性疾病y discovered coronavirus, spread from person to person through respiratory droplets and contact. Covid-19 known to affect respiratory system leading to infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases with common symptoms such as fever, tiredness, dry cough and shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing¹while some infected people don’t develop any symptoms.²Presently, there are no specific vaccines or treatment, therefore, the best way to prevent and slow down transmission is awareness about the COVID-19 virus, protecting oneself and others from infection by washing hands frequently or using an alcohol based sanitizer, covering cough droplets using mask, non-pharmaceutical layered multiple interventions with optimal timings such as universal closures, social distancing and self -quarantine for its mitigation and suppression.³All these encourage chances of self-recovery through immunity building without any special treatment.

COVID-19 is one of the severest human adversities impacting global economy with one of the impacts directly or indirectly on water resources that human needs for their survival. The preventive measures taken against COVID 19 likely to have profound effect on research and development activities in water sector. Way the mankind faces the challenges in water sector and transform these into opportunities will be decided by the global response to this crisis. Some of the areas to consider and impacts are discussed below:

Survival of Coronavirus in water

There are chances that water⁴might permit the survival of the COVID-19 under favourable conditions such as light, temperature, pH, salinity, sediment, organic matter, presence of antagonistic micro-organisms but it is not confirmed about its viability to spread yet. In addition to this, air and water interface can be crucial for any study relating to survival. Wang et al (2005)⁵reported survival of a surrogate human coronavirus for 2 days in de-chlorinated tap water and in hospital wastewater at 20°C. But there are no such reports on survival of COVID-19 in water by now. However, the COVID 19 virus has been detected in wastewater in Netherland⁶the faeces of infected individuals⁷might be due to gastrointestinal cells infection⁸but its concentration and viability has not been proved.⁹So there are chances that coronaviruses may exist in and could maintain their viability in sewage and hospital wastewater, originating from the faecal discharge of infected patients.^{10, 11}In the year 2003, study was conducted in Hong Kong¹²on existence and spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) disease through aerosolisation of water droplets containing coronaviruses in a leaking pipes.¹¹

Researchers reported that coronaviruses are susceptible to treatment processes,¹³so some innovative techniques are required for their treatments. In developed countries the routine treatment equipment may be effective in killing or removing coronavirus from water but efforts are needed to test the efficacy of these equipment and maybe produced in large scale for the benefit of society and sanitation in developing countries also. Some guidelines have also been issued for use and reuse of water and wastewater.¹⁴Some other effective practices¹⁵for (i) water treatment against coronaviruses are: hypochlorous acid/peracetic acid, chlorine, ultraviolet irradiation, as well as chlorine, are thought to kill coronaviruses or development of water filters where virus cannot penetrate; (ii) wastewater treatment – use of membrane bioreactors, co use of beneficial microorganisms and the physical separation of suspended solids.

Water as protection tool

Water has been proved to be very crucial in protections against infections by containing using intervention of hand washing. But this has put a question mark on water security¹⁰by wastage of fresh water resource and this will be lead to further complications in case of excessive use of our largest fresh water storage i.e. groundwater.^{16, 17}This will also hamper the achievement of sustainable development goal no. 6 which will be further slowed down or delayed.¹⁰As we all know that availability of fresh water is not same all over the world¹⁰In this time of crises, we can speed up our efforts to move one step further towards sustainable development.¹⁰There is a need to think seriously over water storage systems, rain water harvesting techniques, effective water and waste water treatment systems.

There are various agencies like WHO, UNICEF, infection prevention and control working in this direction and one important aspect for water and sanitation practitioners and health care providers interested in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)¹⁸suggested some measures such as- (i) improvement in water safety and treatment right at the source water distribution point (ii) ensuring its safe and clean storage after supply. In addition to these WASH¹⁸has also issued some guidelines on hand hygiene, sanitation, cleaning practices and disposal of grey water and their treatments.

Financial issues

Extended lockdowns, funds diversion to Covid-19 prevention and a great uncertainty about its severity might lead to financial crisis and instability in all the sectors.¹⁹Imposition of tougher and longer lasting containment measures and disbursing funds towards these measures may also affect the water sector by way of not getting the allotted budget for its development. For countering this problem, developed countries with the help of central banks should come forward to support, stabilize and provide monetary help for a certain time period to developing countries to safeguard one and all.

During and post COVID 19, it will be crucial for researchers, academicians, engineers and water managers to think creatively to adopt out-of-the-box and affordable solutions to deal with the crisis. So, this is the time for implementation of an integrated and holistic approach where hydrologists, researchers, environment engineers, public health engineers, microbiologists, pathologists and finance managers work together with people participation to come out of this crisis for providing safe and clean water to all for their daily needs.²⁰

References

1. CDC, 2020. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – United States, February 12-March 16, 2020. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2. Nishiura, H., et al., 2020. Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Int. J. Infect. Disease.In press.
3. Fergusson et al., 2020. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortalityand healthcare demand. Imperial college 2019 response form. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25561/77482
4. Gundy, P.M., et al., 2009. Survival of coronaviruses in water and wastewater. Food Environ. Virol. 1, 10-14.
5. Wang XW, Li JS, Zhen B, Kong QX, Song N, Xiao WJ et al. 2005. Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. J Virol Methods. 126:171−7. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.005
6. https://www.rivm.nl/node/153991?fbclid=IwAR0MsLbCzJPg6wKZhxcxRx8-uaLOJDMBvXbwXLWyKh8ZLL5U0OsYOs3CtuA (Retrieved on April 20, 2020)
7. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S et al. 2020. [Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)]. China CDC Weekly.2(8):123-4. (In Chinese.)
8. Zhou, J., et al., 2017. Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Sci. Adv. 3, eaao4966
9. Wang, X., et al., 2005. Excretion and detection of SARS coronavirus and its nucleic acid from digestive system. World J.Gastroenterology. 11(28), 4390-4395
10. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/coronavirus (Stories at 69886, 69888, 69900, 69905- Retrieved on April 20, 2020)
11. Medema, G., et al., 2020. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 in sewage. medRxiv.In press
12. Yu ITS, Li Y, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan A, LeeJHW, et al. 2004. Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl JMed. 350(17): 1731-9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032867.
13. Wiggington, K.R., Boehm, A.B., 2020. Environmental engineers and scientists have important roles to play in stemming outbreaks and pandemics caused by enveloped viruses. Environ. Sci. Technol.In press
14. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/water.html (Retrieved on April 20, 2020)
15. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200403132347.htm (Retrieved on April 20, 2020)
16. MacDonald, Alan, Bonsor, Helen et al.. 2016. Groundwater depletion and quality in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin mapped from in situ observations. Nature Geosciences. 9:762-766
17. Krishan, G, Rao, MS, Singh, RP, Chopra, RPS, Takshi, KS. 2018. Aquifer Characterization A Scientific Imperative in Analysis of Water Level Trend – A Case Study from Northern Punjab. Curr. World Environ. 13 (1): 87-99
18. WHO-2019-nCoV-IPC_WASH-2020.2-eng.pdf (Retrieved on April 20, 2020)
19. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/covid-19-anxieties-life-hacks-and-takeaways-from-indias-ceos-who-are-navigating-uncharted-territory/articleshow/74863486.cms?from=mdr (Retrieved on April 20, 2020)
20. Kulshrestha U. C. 2018. Dust Air Pollution in Delhi: Creation of Artificial Huge Lakes for A Holistic Solution . Curr World Environ 13(1), 180-182. //www.a-i-l-s-a.com/article/1254/