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Introduction

Quantitative estimation of the temporal distribution of rainfall and temperature for an area is important to different purposes such as hydrological modelling, hydraulic structures modelling, flood forecasting, surface water modelling, groundwater modelling, agriculture modelling, crop scheduling, evaporation modelling etc. High temperature can cause worsen drought in an area and also a reason for forest fires. High temperatures are also responsible for reducing yields in the field and crop-damaging. Low temperatures able to cause heavy snowfalls and rime. Heavy rainfall is a cause of flood in plane areas and landslides in hilly areas. A standout amongst all factor which is responsible for climate change, greenhouse gases would be the main factor for the uncertainty of the rainfall and temperature variation and India have been also affected by this factor. Change in the pattern of rainfall and temperature increases have occurred all over the world. In India, most of the agricultural areas depending upon the climate mainly rainfall hence in India rainfall have a major role in deciding the total economy of the country. Hence, the study of trend and pattern by metrological data for an area is important to detect long term climate change and its impact (Jainet al.,2012). According to many researches, climate change and evidences are not the same for the whole world. In certain areas, an increase of rainfall or decrease of temperature is expected, while other areas at the same time may suffer from decreased rainfall or increased temperature. If the temperature is higher it cause a condition of formation of clouds. As the temperature is high the atmosphere may contain more vapour of water which is responsible for heavy rainfall such as summer thunderstorms.

All over the world, to know the impact of climate changes many researchers have been working on the trend of rainfall and temperature to predict long term changes in climate. Cheunget al.,(2007) studied trend in annual rainfall for Ethopia to know variability, quantity and changes in rainfall for 13 watersheds. By this study, they determined the significance level and value of change in rainfall for studied area. Hariset al.,(2010) used Mann-Kendal test to know the significant trends in rainfall and temperature at three representative agro-ecological zones of Bihar. Jainet al.,(2012)分析了降雨和气温趋势for the north-east states in India by Mann-Kendal & San-Slope estimator test. Yadavet al.,(2014) worked on seasonal trend analysis in rainfall and temperature for Uttarakhand state to know the overall insignificant changes in the area. Meshramet al.,(2016) used long term precipitation data to analysis seasonal trend in precipitation for Chhattisgarh state of India by linear regression, Mann-Kendal and San slope’s estimator test. Longuevilleet al.,(2015) studied long-term trend of rainfall and temperature for Burkina Faso. The trend was determined in rainfall, temperature and rainy days. They observed the tren of this area did not show significant trend in rainfall and temperature.

Udaipur is in one of that area in India where average rainfall is less than average rainfall of India and it also suffer from high temperatures. So it is important to determine the rainfall and temperature trend in different seasons for the purpose of agricultural activities, crop water balance model as well as to know about drought condition and productivity of that area.

Study Area and Data Used

This study carried out to Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The longitude and latitude of the study area are 73⁰42’ and 24⁰45’ respectively with 582.17 meters above mean sea level (Figure 1). Udaipur receives maximum rainfall due to the south-west monsoon in monsoon season and in all other seasons rainfall is very low for this area. Hence there is always a wide variation in daily annual rainfall as well as seasonal rainfall.

图1:年代tudy map of Udaipur Click here to view Figure

In this study, daily data of 37 years were obtained from the website of the Department of Water Resource, Govt. of Rajasthan. Daily data has been used to determine the rainfall trend, maximum temperature trend and trend in minimum temperature in the basis of different season. Seasonal rainfall data obtained by adding daily rainfall data of particular season of that year and maximum and minimum temperature data has been obtained by the average of the maximum and minimum daily temperature for that particular season of a year.

每年季节性分析一直是分裂的我nto four climatic season, namely winter season which included 2 months (January & February), pre-monsoon included 4 months (March to May), monsoon included 5 months (June to October), and in last, post-monsoon included 2 months(November &December) (Rao 1981; Jainet al.,2012). After that, data has been analysed season wise.

Methodology

In the present study, to determine the rainfall trend, maximum temperature trend and minimum temperature trend non-parametric test has been used. Non- parametric test tests are less affected by outliers and represent a measure of linear dependence (Yadavet al.,2014; Lanzante 1996; Rosssiet al.,1992). In non-parametric test,for detection of significance trend Mann-Kendall statistic has been used and to determine trend magnitude San slope estimator’s used.

Mann-Kendall statistic:Mann-Kendall statistic is used to ascertain a significant trend in climatically data. To trend analysis Mann-Kendall statistic is one of the best method to detect trend and has been using continuously (Jainet al.,2012; Kumaret al.,2018). In this study, Mann-Kendall statistic has been used to determine a significant rainfall trend as well as maximum temperature trend and minimum temperature trend. In this statistic, the null hypothesis sets as data shows no trend and alternative hypothesis sets as there is a trend in data which may be either increasing trend or decreasing trend. This method is less affected by outliers hence more suitable for data which are non – normally distributed.(Kumaret al.,2018).

Let y₁, y₂, y₃, …, y_mare mdata, then the Mann-Kendall statistic can be given by

Where S denotes Mann-Kendall statistic, m is the total number of observations taken and y_qisq^thobservation and y_pis p^thobservation in total.

Let (y_q- y_p) = α

The variance of S is calculated as

Where, nis the total tied groups present and t(p)is the total number ofdata points in the p^thtied group.

San’s Slope Estimator Test:San’s slope estimatoris used to determine the magnitude of the trend in data. This method consider temporal series data follow linear trend. If x_p& x_qare considered as values of time series data at m and n time as p > q.

The slope (Q_i) of data pairs is computed as

The median of qvalues of Q_iis Sen’s slope estimator of slope, which may be computed as:

Results and Discussions

Statistical parameter of rainfall and temperature:The maximum rainfall obtained in Udaipur district in the monsoonal season with an average of 558.72mm with 203.85 mm standard deviation during the study period. The minimum average rainfall of 5.32 mm has been obtained in winter season with 9.33 mm standard deviation. (Table 1). Minimum variation in rainfall has been obtained in monsoon seasonand maximum variation in rainfall has been obtained in in the season of post-monsoon.

最大的意思是平均温度为39年obtained in pre-monsoon followed by monsoon season. Minimum variation in maximum temperature has been obtained in the monsoon season and maximum variation has been obtained in the winter season (Table 2). The average minimum temperature has been incurred in the post-monsoon season with a maximum variation of 27.12% just followed by winter season which has 24.38% variation (Table 3).

Table 1: Statistical parameter of seasonal rainfall

Season	Mean (mm)	SD (mm)	CV (%)
Winter	5.32	9.33	174.13
Pre-monsoon	42.27	42.73	101.06
Monsoon	558.72	203.85	36.48
Post-monsoon	17.46	36.17	207.15

Table 2: Statistical parameter of maximum temperature

Season	Mean (0C)	SD (0C)	CV (%)
Winter	27.92	3.67	13.14
Pre-monsoon	35.80	2.16	6.03
Monsoon	31.13	1.49	4.78
Post-monsoon	26.45	2.29	8.65

Table 3: Statistical parameter of minimum temperature

Season	Mean (0C)	SD (0C)	CV (%)
Winter	7.67	1.87	24.38
Pre-monsoon	20.48	2.05	10.00
Monsoon	20.64	1.33	6.44
Post-monsoon	7.41	2.01	27.12

Significance of Trend:To detection of weather trend is Mann-Kendall significant or not in rainfall, maximum temperature and minimum temperature for Udaipur district Mamm-Kendall statistic has been used. Results obtained by Mann-Kendall test is listed in Table 4.

Table 4: Detection of trend by Mann-Kendall test for seasonal rainfall

Z – value for different seasons
Climatic characteristics	Winter	Pre-monsoon	Monsoon	Post monsoon
Rainfall	-1.896*	0.503	0.064	-1.741*
Max Temperature	0.064	4.347**	2.077**	0.284
Min Temperature	2.180**	2.322**	-0.206	-1.419*

^*Significant negative trend and^**significant positive trend at 10% level of significance

Based on Mann-Kendall test, in the rainfall winter season & post-monsoon season show a significant negative trend wherein pre-monsoon & monsoon there was positive trend but not significant at 10% level of significance. In maximum temperature significant positive trend for season of pre-monsoon and monsoon whereas maximum temperature in season of winter & post-monsoon also increased but not significantly. In last, minimum temperature shows increasing significant trend in winter and pre-monsoon whereas in post-monsoon minimum temperature trend decreased significantly. Monsoon-season shows negative trend in case of minimum temperature but not significantly at the 10% level.

Figure 2: Mann-Kendal’s statistics for different seasons Click here to view Figure

Magnitude of trend:Magnitude of rainfall trend, maximum temperature and minimum temperature was also calculated by San’s slope estimator test and obtained results are in Table 5.

Table 5: San’s estimator of slope

	San’s slope estimator values for different seasons
Climate characteristics	Winter	Pre-monsoon	Monsoon	Post monsoon
Rainfall	-0.033	0.269	0.057	0.000
Max Temperature	0.004	0.789	0.043	0.002
Min Temperature	0.583	0.085	-0.011	-0.040

Based on San’s slope estimator, rainfall in winter season decrease by -0.033mm wherein pre-monsoon and monsoon season increased by 0.269mm and 0.057mm. Post monsoon season didn’t show any result because rainfall in post monsoon was not linear for Udaipur district. The maximum temperature of Udaipur district has been observed increases in all season by 0.004⁰C in winter, 0.789⁰C in pre-monsoon, 0.043⁰C in monsoon and 0.002⁰C in post-monsoon season respectively. Minimum temperature shows an increase of 0.583⁰C in winter and 0.085⁰C in pre-monsoon season whereas the decrease of -0.011⁰C and -0.040⁰C in monsoon and post-monsoon season.

Figure 3: San’s slope values for different seasons Click here to view Figure

Percentage change:In the study, after calculating magnitude of trend, based on that trend magnitude percentage changes in rainfall, maximum temperature and minimum temperature also determined. The total percentage changes for 39 years from 1975 to 2013 has been shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Percentage changes in studied climate characteristics from 1975 to 2013

	Percentage changes
Climate characteristics	Winter (%)	Pre-monsoon (%)	Monsoon (%)	Post monsoon (%)
Rainfall	240.16	24.82	0.40	0.00
Max Temperature	0.55	85.94	5.39	0.29
Min Temperature	296.44	16.17	-2.08	-21.05

从表6、最大降雨量的变化240.16%,observed in winter followed by 24.82% in pre-monsoon season for studied period. As san’s slope magnitude zero in post-monsoon season, hence post monsoon season does not shows any changes in rainfall. Changes in maximum temperature for all season shows positive percentage changes. Maximum increase in temperature is observed in pre-monsoon season by 85.94% and minimum increase in temperature 0.29% is observed in post-monsoon season. Change in minimum temperature is observed maximum in winter season by 296.44% followed by pre-monsoon season with increase of 16.17%. Post-monsoon season shows decrease of 21.05% in minimum temperature and monsoon season also shows decrease of 2.08% in minimum temperature.

Conclusion

Change in climate affect all facets of life. Decreasing rainfall will result in a decrease in water availability. A country like India, where agriculture totally based on climate, it is important to detect a trend in all meteorological data. In rainfall and minimum-maximum temperature (39 years) variability analysis and detection of trends in winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon study carried out for Udaipur district. As the decrease in winter rainfall will affect the Rabi crop of that area. There is a slight increasing trend in pre-monsoon and monsoon rainfall which may be an indication of early rainfall in monsoon season for that particular district. In winter the temperature of the region shows an increasing trend which may be due to decreasing rainfall trend.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to acknowledge Yogesh Kumar and Dr. P. S. Kashyap, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar for their support for successful completion of this research work.

We did not receive any internal fund from college or external fundfrom government or non-government organizations.

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