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Growth and yield of Capsicum Annum Under Irrigation with Different Levels of Domestic Waste Water

Farooq Ahmad Lone1*and Nayar Afaq Kirmani2

1Division of Soil Sciences, S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 191 121 Jammu and Kashmir India

2Division of Environmental Sciences, S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 191 121 Jammu and Kashmir India

Corresponding author Email:rfarooqlone@yahoo.co.in

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.13.2.13

Use of wastewater for a variety of purposes is gaining increased popularity as a means of preserving scarce freshwater resources and nutrient recycling particularly in developing countries A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth and yield of Capsicum annum var. Nishat-1 under irrigation with different concentrations of domestic wastewater (grey and black water) in combination with recommended dose of fertilizers(RDF). This field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years Kharief 2012-2013 and involved 6 treatments (T1–T6) with three replications in RCBD. Before being utilized, wastewater was stabilized for 20-25 days in open containers. The highest yield (288.12 q ha-1 ) was recorded in T1 (Recommended dose of fertilizers =RDF) followed by 283.49 q ha-1 in T4 (50% grey water and 50% RDF ), 275.92 q ha-1 in T5 (50% black water 50% RDF) , 270.03 q ha-1 in T2 (100% grey water), 260 q ha-1 in T6 (50% black water and 50% grey water) and least of 251.96 q ha-1 in T3 (100% black water) . The data also reveals that the concentrations of the various physico-chemical parameters (viz., pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb) of waste water and pre and post experiment soil samples were within permissible limits. Quality parameters viz total soluble salts, ascorbic acid, chl-a, chl-b, total-chl, carbohydrates and protein content between various treatments exhibited different trends. This study shows that there is an option for recycling of stabilized waste water in agriculture.

Agriculture; Capsicum; Fertigation; Growth Performance; Wastewater

Copy the following to cite this article:

Lone F. A. Kirmani N. A. Growth and yield of Capsicum Annum Under Irrigation with Different Levels of Domestic Waste Water. Curr World Environ 2018;13(2). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.13.2.13

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Lone F. A. Kirmani N. A. Growth and yield of Capsicum Annum Under Irrigation with Different Levels of Domestic Waste Water. Curr World Environ 2018;13(2). Available from://www.a-i-l-s-a.com/article/1086/


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Article Publishing History

Received: 2018-02-04
Accepted: 2018-07-25
Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: OrcidOrcidGangadhar Andaluri
Second Review by: OrcidOrcidRusu Teodor
Final Approval by: Dr. Umesh Chandra Kulshrestha

Introduction

Waste water is generated in bulk quantity from both domestic as well as industrial estates and its crude disposal is posing a tremendous threat to environment. In developing countries including India, wastewater is commonly a choice for irrigating agricultural field.1Globally, approximately 20% of manufactured nitrogen and phosphorous is contained in domestic wastewater2and it has been considered as low price fertilizer because of its high N, P and K content.3Waste water being rich in organic matter and also contains appreciable amounts of macro and micro-nutrients.4Accordingly nutrients levels of soil are expected to improve considerably using continuous irrigation with waste water.5、6、7,8,9,10,11Thus, recycling of wastewater shall pave avenues in agricultural industry in terms of minimizing the use of inorganic fertilizers whose long-term utilization pose negative pressures on natural environment. The main objective of this experiment was to estimate the growth performance, quality parameters and yield responses ofCapsicum annumvar. Nishat-1when irrigated with domestic wastewater. Moreover, effect of wastewater fertigation on the physicochemical parameters of soil and plant nutrients was studied to investigate the prospects of its safe use.

Materials and Methods

Study Area


The experimental field at FoA Wadura, SKUAST-Kashmir, was used during summer (Kharif) 2012 and 2013. The study area falls in 34020/55.72”N and 74024/6.26”E at an altitude of 1580 m a.s.l. Temperate climatic conditions prevail in the area with mean maximum and minimum temperature as 26.080C and 11.780C respectively. The average precipitation recorded during the experimentation was 628.4 mm and 926.2 mm in 2012 and 2013 respectively.

Experimental Design and the Crop

The different concentrations of wastewater were used along with recommended doses of fertilizers to study the growth, yield and quality ofCapsicum annumvar. Nishat-1. The experiment was laid in completely randomized block design and involved six treatments replicated thrice (T1: Recommended dose of fertilizers; T2: 100% Grey water; T3: 100% Black water; T4: 50% Grey water + 50% RDF; T5: 50% black water + 50% RDF; T6: 50% black water + 50% Grey water) along with an untreated control (C) irrigated with fresh water. The fertilizers N, P and K were applied as per package and practice prevailing in the university at the rates of 120, 90 and 40 (kg ha-1), as urea, DAP and MOP respectively. The crop was grown in plots measuring 1.74 × 2.3 m with 45 cm spacing between the plants and 60 cm between the rows. The grey water and black water for irrigation was obtained from the hostels of the university campus and stabilized in open tanks for 20-25 days before being put to use.

Water Analysis

Physicochemical parameters viz; pH and EC were accomplished by following the method of Piper.12在the other hand estimation of N, P, K, alkalinity, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd and Ni of the waste water samples were done by following the methods given by APHA.13

Soil Analysis

Composite soil samples were collected from each plot at the depth of 0-30 cm before transplantation and after harvest. Samples were oven dried, ground, sieved and analysed for pH, EC,12total N,14available P,15organic carbon16and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K using the ammonium acetate method.17Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd were analysed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, after proper standardization. The soils are deep imperfectly drained, calcareous fine silty texture on nearly level slopes with loamy surface and slight flooding, the soils belong to the order of Inceptsols, with aquepts sub order Haplaquepts great group and Typic Haplaquepts sub group.

Crop Yield and Plant Tissue Analysis

Photosynthetic pigments in the foliage were estimated18and fruit samples were harvested from each plot, oven dried for 2 days at 700C, powdered in a grinder and subjected to chemical analysis for the estimation of carbohydrate,19protein20和抗坏血酸含量。21Fruit samples were also analyzed for TSS by using Refractometer.Plant nutrients were determined wet oxidation method using 3:1 ratio of HNO3: HClO4.22Total N was determined by Kjeldahl method,14P by spectrophotometer, K by flame photometer. Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd and Ni were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Total weight of fruits (kg/plot) at each picking was added to obtain the total fruit yield per plot and expressed as quintals per hectare (q ha-1). Pooled data of the two years recorded during the experiment was subjected to ANOVA, followed by least significant difference (CD, p ≤ 0.05) using R software statistical package.23

Results and Discussion

Water Chemistry

Data regarding the physicochemical characteristics of black, grey and fresh water are presented in Table 1. The values were in lower levels than those permitted for upper threshold set of irrigation water and safe reuse in agriculture. According to PCB,24pH of wastewater should range between 6.5 and 8.5 and EC should not exceed 2.25 dS/m. Our study show that both these parameters of wastewater were within range. Alkalinity, phosphate, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Cd were found higher in grey water compared to black and fresh water while as Cl, Fl, SO4, NH4and K were found in higher concentration in black water. The concentration of Ni and Pb did not show any significant variation. However, all the parameters were within permissible limits.

Table 1: Physicochemical Characteristics of Irrigation Water.
Parameters
Waste/ Fresh Water
Black
Grey
Fresh
pH (1:2.5)
6.80
7.42
7.10
EC (dSm-1)
0.85
0.78
0.47
Alkalinity (mg/l)
150.2
180.99
125.13
Nitrate N (mg/l)
49.09
10.0
3.36
Phosphate (PO4) (mg/l)
3.4
6.21
0.6
Chloride (Cl-) (mg/l)
524.7
206.99
1.96
Fluoride (F‑) (mg/l)
0.16
0.14
0.10
Sulphate (mg/l)
1.79
0.84
0.53
Ammonium (mg/l)
169.81
90.22
2.25
Sodium (mg/l)
16.53
17.78
7.31
Potassium (mg/l)
83.92
17.61
0.51
Calcium (mg/l)
47.14
48.31
23.89
Magnesium (mg/l)
10.18
10.44
5.74
Zn (mg/l)
0.99
5.45
0.47
Cu (mg/l)
0.35
0.98
0.23
Fe (mg/l)
0.57
0.88
0.10
Mn (mg/l)
0.17
0.65
0.08
Cd (mg/l)
0.245
0.609
0.020
Cr (mg/l)
0.226
0.226
0.226
Pb (mg/l)
0.001
0.001
0.001
Ni (mg/l)
0.076
0.076
0.076

Physio-Chemical Characterization of the Soil

Texture of the soil was loamy and the soil pH of various treatments ranged from 6.70 to 7.56 while EC ranged from 0.20 to 1.10. It is evident form the data that various waste water treatment slightly changed the pH of the soil as also reported earlier25(Table-2). Significant increase in EC was also detected in soil after the experiment26,27,28,29,30which might be due to the relatively higher EC of waste water and formation of metallic salts-complexes of organic matter and heavy metals.31Compared to initial status, the level of N and P exhibited elevated trends in various waste water treatment which can be attributed to the higher concentration of the macronutrients in grey as well as black water On the other hand lower level of Ca and Mg were observed in waste water compared to initial statues of the soil.

Table 2:Physico- chemical characteristics of the soil of capsicum annum plots after the treatments.
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Table 3: Effect of different concentrations of wastewater on growth parameters ofCapsicum annum (Nishat -1)

Treatment

Root length (cm)

shoot length (cm)

Root fresh wt (g)

Root dry wt (g)

Shoot fresh wt (g)

Shoot dry wt (g)

Leaf area (cm2)

Recommended dose of fertilizers

7.02

25.31

10.01

4.90

172.00

51.35

34.02

100% Grey water

5.40

20.31

8.56

4.30

138.00

21.52

22.09

100% Black water

5.22

20.14

9.56

4.57

109.00

23.85

21.60

50% Grey water+ 50%RDF

7.40

20.15

10.73

3.45

126.00

26.00

26.20

50% black water + 50% RDF

7.20

21.66

14.22

6.64

116.00

23.09

24.70

50% black water + 50% Grey water

5.20

21.00

10.73

4.02

102.00

23.00

18.10

C.D

(p<0.05)

0.95

1.93

2.34

1.12

25.90

10.50

5.64


Crop Yield and Fruit Quality

There has been significant effect of treatments on the fresh / dry, root /shoot biomass as well as leaf area of the crop. Compared to other treatments, T1(RDF), recorded the highest values of these parameters (Table-3) followed by T4. However, in other treatments the differences have been only marginal. The highest yield of capsicum was recorded in T1(288.12q ha-1) which might be due to the application of balanced doze of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures to the soil followed by 283.49 q ha-1in T4 (50% grey water and 50%RDF ), 275.92 q ha-1in T5( 50% black water + 50% RDF), 275.03 q ha-1inT2 (100% grey water), 260 q ha-1(50% black water and 50% grey water) and least of 251.96 q ha-1in T3 ( 100% black water) (Table -4).

Table 4: Effect of different concentrations of waste water on yield parameters ofCapsicum annum (Nishat -1).

Treatment
Fruit
No/plant
Fruit
length (cm)
Fruit diameter
(cm )
Fruit weight (g)
Yield /plant
(g)
Yield/plot
(kg )
Yield/ha (q)
Recommended dose of fertilizers
15.14
6.19
6.58
28.97
756.16
12.51
288.12
100% Grey water
14.75
5.01
5.41
27.67
703.00
11.35
270.03
100% Black water
14.08
5.75
5.08
27.62
654.94
10.08
251.96
50% Grey water+ 50%RDF
15.80
6.14
6.80
28.79
738.45
12.06
283.49
50% black water + 50% RDF
14.75
6.14
6.80
28.26
716.00
11.27
275.92
50% black water + 50% Grey water
14.41
5.14
5.75
27.43
676.51
11.21
260.00
C.D (p<0.05)
0.93
0.53
0.51
0.65
63.09
0.98
24.26
Quality parameters viz., ascorbic acid and Chl-b were higher in T5 while as TSS, Carbohydrates and proteins were higher in T1 and exhibited different trends in different treatments (Table-5). The major nutrients (N, P, and K) were also found highest in T1 and the values for T4 were at par with it. These results reveal that irrigation with black and grey water had a positive effect on plant productivity, probably due to additional nutrient content; thereby a lower cultivation cost is expected due to lesser fertilizer utilization as also reported earlier.32The accumulation of inorganic elements in fruits (Table-6) was not related to the respective accumulation in soil. The level of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) showed higher trend in plants irrigated with waste water. However, no significant change was observed in the concentration of heavy metals like Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr. However, all the heavy elemental contents were below toxicity level. These findings are in conformity with other findings.33,34,35Thus, regardless of the different concentrations of wastewater treatments alone or in combination or in consonance with recommended fertilizer dose, the concentration of the nutrients varied within the usual levels in plant tissues and did not cause any nutritional problems in the plants.36

Table 5: Effect of different concentrations of wastewater on quality parameters ofCapsicum annum (Nishat -1).
Treatment
TSS
(Brix)
Ascorbic acid
(mg/100g)
Chlorophyll a (mg/g tissue)
Chlorophyll b (mg/g tissue)
Total Chlorophyll (mg/g tissue)
Carbohydrate (%)
Protein (%)
Recommended dose of fertilizers
8.38
99.12
2.50
1.43
3.92
5.00
1.42
100% Grey water
9.11
112.13
2.58
1.78
3.75
4.92
1.52
100% Black water
8.52
114.16
2.72
1.92
3.65
4.57
1.32
50% Grey water+ 50%RDF
9.61
112.15
2.63
1.62
3.58
4.00
1.66
50% black water + 50% RDF
9.50
97.47
2.13
1.17
3.11
5.25
1.32
50% black water + 50% Grey water
10.00
97.00
2.30
1.75
3.17
6.03
1.71
C.D
(p<0.05)
1.13
6.29
0.40
0.55
0.10
0.71
0.15
Table 6: Major nutrient and heavy metals level in fruit ofCapsicum annum.
Treatments
Major Nutrients (%)
Micronutrient Cations (ppm)
Heavy metals (ppm)
N
P
K
Zn
Cu
Fe
Mn
Pb
Ni
Cd
Cr
Recommended dose of fertilizers
1. 69
0.86
1.07
19.0
12.5
60.0
15.22
0.82
0.22
0.51
0.86
100% Grey water
1.73
0.44
1.53
21.71
14.8
77.6
16.80
0.88
0.27
0.55
1.40
100% Black water
1.60
0.38
1.50
21.57
14.6
75.9
16.60
0.85
0.25
0.54
1.35
50% Grey water+ 50%RDF
1.89
0.59
1.62
23.52
14.4
73.0
15.8
0.74
0.23
0.52
1.32
50% black water + 50% RDF
1.79
0.49
1.55
22.49
14.2
72.6
15.5
0.71
0.21
0.48
1.27
50% black water + 50% Grey water
1.68
0.43
1.51
21.60
13.3
76.0
16.50
0.83
0.24
0.53
1.37
C.D (p<0.05)
0.35
0.09
0.27
1.03
0.85
4.28
0.98
0.12
0.02
NS
NS
Conclusion
Wastewater effectively increased the yield ofCapsicum annumcrop probably due to high nutrient value of the wastewater. Thus, wastewater can be managed in an ecofriendly way by its exploitation in the agro-ecosystems. The results show that the accumulation of toxic and nutritive elements in plant tissues and the soil varied in low levels and did not cause any nutritional instability in the plants.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to J&K State Council for Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology for providing financial assistance under which this research work was carried out.

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