A review on Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API)
L. R. Lakshmikanta Panda1, R. K. Aggarwal1*
and D.R. Bhardwaj2
http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.13.1.06
Now a day’s air pollution is one of the serious problems around the world. Plants can filter the air via-aerial elements particularly through twigs, stems, leaves, etc. Afforestation program is the best way to control the air pollution. Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) is an intrinsic quality of trees to control pollution problems, which is currently of major concern of urban localities. The trees having higher tolerance index rate are tolerant towards air pollution and can be used as a source to control air pollution, where as the trees having less tolerance index can be used as an indicator to know the rate of air pollution. By combining biochemical and aggregate factors the Anticipated Performance Index is prepared, which is also helpful in green belt development. The present review is based on the assessment of APTI and API potential of different plants for mitigating air pollution
APTI; API; Air Pollutants; Biochemical Parameters; Pollution
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Panda L. R. L, Aggarwal R. K, Bhardwaj D. R. A Review on Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API). Curr World Environ 2018;13(1). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.13.1.06
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Panda L. R. L, Aggarwal R. K, Bhardwaj D. R. A Review on Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API). Curr World Environ 2018;13(1). Available from://www.a-i-l-s-a.com/?p=1068
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Introduction
Due to industrialization and urbanization, air pollution has turn out to be a serious problem. Now a day’s particulate matter is the big concern due to their undesirable impact on plant and animal.1The recognition and classification of plants into tolerant and sensitive groups is essential because the sensitive plants can use as an indicator and the tolerant as a sink for the pollutants in city and developed habitats.2Plants have a very close relationship with nature and if any altered condition occurs in the atmosphere, it directly affects the physiology and biochemistry of plant. Vegetation works as a sink for air pollution and reduce pollution level in the atmosphere.3大多数植物商店之前经验的内部变化wing noticeable injure to leaves when they are open to air pollutants.4Hence, this review was conducted to assess the biochemical changes and its role in air pollution tolerance index, a major factor that gives sensitivity, tolerance to plants. Air pollution tolerance index indicate the potential of vegetation to encounter air pollution.5通过使用particu植物自然纯净的空气late matter and smoke. Sensitive tree species are suggested as bio-indicators.6 Vegetation shows dissimilar behaviour for various pollutants and all components of tree can be used as bio-monitors.7 They are very significant for decisive and balancing ecology by nutrient cycling and gases. Directly and indirectly air pollution can affect plants by leaves and through soil acidification.8,9Several researchers agree that air pollutants affect plant growth adversely.10,11Plants preliminarily accept air pollution thus, performs like a scavenger for pollutants.12As the trees are being continuously exposed to the environment, hence they attract, gather and combine pollutants impinging on their leaf surface; therefore they show noticeable or slight changes depending on their sensitivity level.13Physiological changes take place in plants when open to air pollutants before showing visible damage to the foliage.14Even leaves can act as natural filters that can eradicate great number of air borne pollutants and consequently recover the quality of air in polluted atmosphere.15On the other hand, this function of pollution abatement can be best performed by the pollution tolerant type.16因此,空气污染耐受指数(APTI)使用to choose tolerant species and helps in monitoring plant tolerance towards air pollution. So assessment of plants on the basis of their level of tolerance to air pollution is essential. Consequently, APTI based on biochemical parameter is generally employed for recognising the tolerance level of plants.
Leaf Biochemical and Physiological Parameters
Due to industrialization and urbanization, air pollution has turn out to be a serious problem. Now a day’s particulate matter is the big concern due to their undesirable impact on plant and animal.1The recognition and classification of plants into tolerant and sensitive groups is essential because the sensitive plants can use as an indicator and the tolerant as a sink for the pollutants in city and developed habitats.2Plants have a very close relationship with nature and if any altered condition occurs in the atmosphere, it directly affects the physiology and biochemistry of plant. Vegetation works as a sink for air pollution and reduce pollution level in the atmosphere.3大多数植物商店之前经验的内部变化wing noticeable injure to leaves when they are open to air pollutants.4Hence, this review was conducted to assess the biochemical changes and its role in air pollution tolerance index, a major factor that gives sensitivity, tolerance to plants. Air pollution tolerance index indicate the potential of vegetation to encounter air pollution.5通过使用particu植物自然纯净的空气late matter and smoke. Sensitive tree species are suggested as bio-indicators.6 Vegetation shows dissimilar behaviour for various pollutants and all components of tree can be used as bio-monitors.7 They are very significant for decisive and balancing ecology by nutrient cycling and gases. Directly and indirectly air pollution can affect plants by leaves and through soil acidification.8,9Several researchers agree that air pollutants affect plant growth adversely.10,11Plants preliminarily accept air pollution thus, performs like a scavenger for pollutants.12As the trees are being continuously exposed to the environment, hence they attract, gather and combine pollutants impinging on their leaf surface; therefore they show noticeable or slight changes depending on their sensitivity level.13Physiological changes take place in plants when open to air pollutants before showing visible damage to the foliage.14Even leaves can act as natural filters that can eradicate great number of air borne pollutants and consequently recover the quality of air in polluted atmosphere.15On the other hand, this function of pollution abatement can be best performed by the pollution tolerant type.16因此,空气污染耐受指数(APTI)使用to choose tolerant species and helps in monitoring plant tolerance towards air pollution. So assessment of plants on the basis of their level of tolerance to air pollution is essential. Consequently, APTI based on biochemical parameter is generally employed for recognising the tolerance level of plants.
Leaf Biochemical and Physiological Parameters
The tolerance level of different plants mainly depends upon the morphological and physiological characters. Various type of biotic, abiotic and physical factors control plants life, including temperature, humidity, soil chemistry, pH, oxygen levels and salinity. Plant species with high amount of ascorbic acid are considered to be tolerant to air pollutants. Chlorophyll is known as an important stress metabolites and higher chlorophyll content in plants might favour tolerance to pollutants. The character of plants changes location wise depending upon various environmental factors, so different species exhibit different tolerability in different places. Studies showed that in the polluted sites the tree leaves turned in to smaller size and the stomata also changes.
To work out API, socio-economic importance of the plants growing alongside the roads is studied through field survey and from the available literature. In order to study socio-economic importance, characters like plant habit, canopy structure etc is considered. By combining the biological and socio-economic characters like plant habit, canopy structure, type of plant, laminar structure and economic value mentioned above and resultant APTI is worked out, The API is calculated for the selected species. Based on these characters certain grades (positive or negative) are allotted to plants and are scored according to their grades. The gradation of plant species based on APTI as well as biological parameters and socio-economic importance has been presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Methodology
By using the parameters like chlorophyll content, leaf pH extract, relative water content and ascorbic acid content, the APTI was computed by using the following equation:
Where;
A is ascorbic acid (mg/g), T is total chlorophyll (mg/g)
P is leaf extract pH
R is relative water content (%)
Table 1: Gradation of Plant Species Based on APTI as well as Biological Parameters and Socio-Economic Importance
Grading character |
Pattern of assessment |
Grade allotted* |
Air pollution tolerance index |
8.5 to 9.0 9.1 to 9.5 9.6 to 10.0 10.1 to 10.5 10.6 to 11.0 |
Positive Two Positive Three Positive Four Positive Five Positive |
Tree habit |
Small Medium Large |
Negative Positive Two Positive |
Canopy structure |
Sparse/Irregular/Globular Spreading crown/open/semi dense Spreading dense |
Negative Positive Two Positive |
Type of tree |
Deciduous Evergreen |
Negative Positive |
Laminar Characters Size |
Small Medium Large |
Negative Positive Two Positive |
Texture |
Smooth Coriaceous |
Negative Positive |
Hardiness |
Delineate Hardy |
Negative Positive |
Economic value |
Less than three uses Three of four used Five or more used |
Negative Positive Two Positive |
*maximum grades are 16
Table 2: Rating used for Anticipated Performance Index of Plant Species
Grade |
score |
Assessment category |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
Up to 30 31 to 40 41到50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 80 81 to 90 91 to 100 |
Not suggestion for plantation Very poor Poor Moderate Good Very good Excellent Best |
Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI)
Tiwariet al.,17evaluated the APTI of 52 plant species collected from iron and steel industry which is 11 km away from Raigarh district of Madhya Pradesh. They found that APTI ofAcacia niloticawas minimum (5.21) and maximum (15.02) inFicus glomerata.Lakshmiet al.,18examined the APTI of twenty four plant species around industrial area of Visakhapatanam and found that out of 24 plantFicus religiosa(Peepal) show highest APTI which is 25.77 andCasuarina equisitifolia(Casuarina) show lowest APTI which is 6.51. Peepal, Jujube, Amla and Indian laburnum showed intermediate response to air pollution. Other twenty plants showed APTI value less than 16, so these are under sensitive one. Sulistijoriniet al.,19从污染Jagoraw选择八个植物物种i highway and unpolluted site of Sindangbarang field in Indonesia. Various physiological parameters of the trees were recorded.Lagerstroemia speciosawas found more tolerant towards air pollution,Pterocarpus indicus, Delonix regia, Swietenia macrophyllawere less tolerant andCinnamomum burmanii is sensitive towords air pollution.Tripathiet al.,20evaluated the APTI of selected plant species growing alongside Moradabad city and Found thatHoloptelea integrifolia,Saraca indicaandPithecolobium dulcishaving highest APTI value i.e 55.8, 52.0 and 34.8 considered as tolerant species.Ficus rumphii,Azadirachta indicaandGrewelia robusta(35.7, 30.5, 34.3) are less tolerant.Alstonia scholaris,Cassia simeaandBauhinia variegata(21.5, 6.09, 18.22) are susceptible species.Begumet al.,21examined the air pollution tolerance index of various tree species around different manufacturing areas of Bangalore city. Seventeen plant species were selected for evaluation and out of theseSyzygium cuminishowed highest APTI value which is 16.1, 32, and 35 in three different industrial areas and considered as tolerant species followed byAzadirachta indicaandMadhuca latifolia Roxb. Guptaet al.,22评估不同植物物种的APTI芒刺dwan town, West Bengal. Ashok-Saraca indica, Debdaru-Polyanthia longifolia, Banyan-Ficus benghalensis, Dumur-Ficus hispida, Guava-Psidium guajava, Sisoo-Dalbergia sisoo, Mango-Mangifera indica, Chattim-Alstonia scholaris, Mahagunii-Swietenia mahoganii, Asattha-Ficus religiosawere selected for evaluation and found that Banyan, Mango, Mahagunii and Asoke having highest API value.Tripathiet al.,23also studied the APTI of plants commonly growing around the industrial area of Varanasi. APTI was calculated by testing various parameters and API was calculated based on resultant APTI, biological and other socio economic characteristics of plants. Out of these plantsFicus infectoriaandFicus religiosaconsidered as tolerant species.Deepalakshmiet al.24evaluated APTI of different plant species growing around the Bangalore city. Ten commonly growing plant species were selected and fresh leaf samples of these plants were collected and analysed.Bougainvillea spectabilisandAgeratum conyzoidesare considered as more susceptibletype, whileFicusreligiosa,BambusabambosandTerminaliacatappawith reasonable changes are regarded as tolerant type.
WhilePeltophorum pterocarpumand Portulaca oleraceaewithare regarded as comparatively resistant species. The trees of the previous group can be efficiently used as bio indicators of vehicle exhaust pollution, whereas the resistant trees can be employed as sinks for vehicular pollutants. In a similar investigation at Durgapur, Burdwan District,West Bengal of India, it was found that the highest APTI value (176.14) was noticed at Durgapur College Campus followed by 158.68 at Durgapur Projects Limited.25Taneeet al.,26evaluated the APTI of various plant species growing alongside the Umuebulu Gas Flare Station of Nigeria. Ten commonly growing plant species were sleeted for analysis; these areMallotus oppositifolus,Puerania phaseoloides,Vernonia amygdalina,Cymbopogon citrates,Manihot esculenta,Telfairia occidentalis,Musa paradisiacal, andTalinum triangulare. The results showed that out of these ten plant speciesPsidium guajavahaving highest APTI andOcimum grassitisimumhave lowest air pollution tolerance index.Babuet al.,27evaluated the From two sites, where one site is polluted area of a cement industry and another site is Yogi Vemana University campus. Ten samples were collected from each sites and analysed. In the polluted site APTI values were in the range of (7.38-10.12) and in the control site is (6.44-9.6). Out of the ten sampleAegle marmeloshaving highest APTI values andZiziphus zizyphushaving lowest APTI values.Wanget al.,28investigated the Leaf dust holding qualities of three tree species growing around the campus of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology located in the south of Xi’an.S. japonica,P. acerifoliaandC. deodarawere selected and found thatP. acerifoliahaving highest particulate matter holding capacity.Bakiyarajetal.,29Studied the air pollution tolerance index of 11 plant species growing alongside the industrial area of Neyveli town of Tamil Nadu. Out of these eleven plant speciesEucalyptus sphaving highest APTI value (6.52 ) andMurrya koenigiishowed lowest (0.81).Nwadinigwe30evaluated the air pollution tolerance index of six plant species around the urban area of Nigeria.Anacrdium occidentale, Bougainvillea spectabilis Mangifera indica, Delonix regia, Ixora coccinea , and Duranta erectawere selected and out of these six plant speciesDelonix regiagave highest APTI value followed byBougainvillea spectabilis, Mangifera indica, Duranta erecta, Ixora coccinea and Anacrdium occidentale(5.308 to 0.909, 4.904 to 0.001, 4.577 to 0.166, 4.508 to 0.002, 3.728 to 0.004 and 3.470 to 0.001).Boraet al.31studied the APTI of six different plant species viz.,Saraca indica(13.71),Azadirachta indica(12.98),Shorea robusta(12.64),Eucalyptus spp. (12.61),Ficus religiosa(12.61) andTectona grandis(13.33). According to anticipated performance index (API) all species were tolerant i.e.Azadirachta indica,Ficus religiosa,Saraca indica,Shorea robustaandTectona grandis. Madanet al.32determinedAPTI and API of Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Mango (Mangifera indica), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Guava (Psidium guajava) growing alongside Haridwar. Out of these six plant species Mango showed highest APTI value and Ashok showed lowest. On the basis of API Peepal found very good type.Dhankaret al.33selected 15 plant species (F. religiosa, Syzygium cumini, F. benjamina, Mangifera indica, A. lebbeck, P. guajava, , F.virens, F. benghalensis , A. Indica, Saraca asoca, Z.mauritiana, P. glabra, E. Oblique, A. scholaris and B. Variegate) for evaluation of air pollution tolerance index around Rohtak City. Out of the 15 tree speciesF.virensandE. Obliquewere selected for green belt development.Muhammed Ajiet al.34selected three different sites for evaluation of APTI in Maiduguri. 6 plant species were selected on the basics of their abundance. The study showed thatMangifera indicahaving highest APTI value which is (30.02) andCassia angustifoliahaving lowest (14.24).Khaya senegalensis,Eucalyptus sppand Azadiracta indica are moderate species (28.61, 24.10 and 28.23). Akilanet al.35studied APTI values of the four selected species viz,Tamarindus indicus(Tamarind),Neerium oleander(Oleander),Azadirachta indica(Neem) andPongamia pinnata(Karanj). Three different study areas were selected for calculation namely Arcot (automobiles),Ranipet (Industries) and College farm (less automobile transport and industries) located in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Among the four selected species,higher APTI found inNeerium oleanderwhich is (11.25 20.51 18.01),Tamarindus indicus(10.18 16.55 17.55 ),Azardicta indica(9.73 14.31 12.72 ),Pungamia pinnata(10.79 15.55 13.07). Gholamiet al.36determined APTI of 6 tree species in Ahvaz, Iran. Plant species were selected from blank area and polluted area and analysed. Out of these six plant speciesMyrtushas highest APTI value (7.21) andProsopishaving lowest (4.57).Ziziphuswas selected as the plant susceptible to air pollution in this study.In addition, the results of assessment of the above mentioned index showed that plants with higher APTI can be used as reducers of pollution and plants with lower APTI can be used to measure air pollution. In Indore city (MP) Patidaret al.37studied the impact of vehicular pollution on the plants growing along the A.B road. The study was done by selecting five heavily polluted sites of the Agra-Bombay highway (NH-3).Thevetia neriifolia,Magnifera indica,Psidium guajavaplants were selected due to their abundance in that road. Proline and Chlorophyll content are analyzed. They found that at most of the sites chlorophyll content was decreased in the foliage of the studied vegetationas compared with the plants of reference site while proline content was increased when compared with the reference site. Results of the current study shown that chlorophyll contents in all the vegetation varied with the pollution status of the site i.e.chlorophyll content of foliage decreases in the highly polluted area.It was concluded that these parameters are highly significant in understanding the plant-environment interactions and are used for developing of bio-indicator groups.Ogunrotimiet al.38evaluated the sensitivity and tolerance levels of the 12 tree species from 3 major roads to airpollution using APTI and results showed that the APTI of the tree species ranged between 9.2 and 12.7 the highest in case of the highest value was obtained inPolyalthia longifoliaand the lowest value inPsidum guajava. It was concluded thatP. longifolia,M. indica,G. arborea,T. grandisandT. catappawere the most tolerant to air pollution of all the tree species.Jyotiet al. 39studied APTI values of the five selected species i.e.热带榕属植物宗教性,Delonix regia,Polyalthia longifolia,Plumeria sp.AndAzadirachta indicaon the highly polluted roadside of Noida sector 78.For evaluation of its tolerant limit four physiological and biochemical parameters namely Relative water content, leaf extract pH, Ascorbic acid, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results showed thatPolyalthia longifoliais very sensitive to pollution andPlumeriaandDelonix regiaare comparatively less sensitive to air pollutants. Aasawariet al.40evaluated APTI of ten roadside tree species selected from polluted and control area in Thane city. The study shows that the control site has more APTI than the polluted site. The APTI observed minimum inTectona grandis5.2±0.3247 and maximum inAzadirachta indica13.5±0.4404. Reduction in APTI at polluted site shows thatAlstonia scholaris(6.6%),Tamarindus indica(8.8%) andAzadirachta indica(10.3%) were the most tolerant tree species, whileTectona grandis(47.5%),Acacia nilotica(27.4%) andCassia fistula(20.7%) were more sensitive tree species. The results showed the order of tolerance (% difference in APTI) asAlstonia scholaris(6.6%)>Tamarindus indica(8.8%)>Azadirachta indica(10.3%)>Moringa pterygosperma(11.9%)>Mangifera indica(13.9%)>Bahunia variegate(14.3%)>Annona squamosa(18.7%)>Cassia fistula (20.7%)>Acacia nilotica (27.4%)>Tectona grandis (47.5%). Maysoonet al.41evaluated the Air Pollution Tolerence Index of two plant species in Babylon provinus and The results showed the plantConocarpus lancifoliuscan be tolerant towards air pollution in comparison with plantDodonaea viscosathat consider as sensitivity to air pollution.
Anticipated Performance Index (API)
Guptaet al.42calculated the APTI and API of 10 tree species in Burdwan town, West Bengal. Out of the ten tree species Banyan (Ficus benghalensis), Mango (Mangifera indica), Mahagunii (Swietenia mahoganii), Asoke (Saraca indica) having excellent API value, Guava (Psidium guajava) is very good, Debdaru (Polyanthia longifolia) and Asattha (Ficus religiosa) are good, Sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo) is moderate, Chattim (Alstonia scholaris) and Dumur (Ficus hispida) showed Very Poor API values.Pathaket al.43evaluated the APTI of some plant species growing alongside Varanasi city, Uttar Pradesh.35plant species were selected for evaluation of API and out of these speciesFicus infectoria,Mangifera indicaandFicus religiosawere classified under the ‘excellent’ category.Mondalet al.44determined the Air pollution Tolerence Index(APTI) of ten plant species collected from Burdwan town, West Bengal. High value of APTI was found inPisidium guajavawhich is 31.75% and lowest APTI found inFicus hispidawhich is 13.26%. The API was also calculated by considering the APTI and other parameters. On the basis of API Banyan, Mango, Mahagunii and Asoke were suitable for green belt development. Chavanet al.45evaluated the API of different plants growing around the Aurangabad city and found thatAzadirachata indicaandMangifera indicawere the tree species having good API value because of their biochemical and socioeconomic characters whilePolyalthia longifoliaandDalbergia sissoowere having moderate and poor API value respectively. Esfahaniet al.46evaluated the anticipated performance index of various plant species in green belt of Isfahan, Iran. Tolerant plant species to air pollution were identified on the basis of their API values. Study showed that air pollution tolerance index in identifying resistant species to air pollution is more appropriate than anticipated performance index in semiarid areas like Isafahan. It has been noted that API is beneficial too, when it is calibrated for arid and semiarid areas. Ogunkunleet al.47calculated API of four plant species growing alongside the University of Ilorin, by combining air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index. The plant species selected for study were,Vitellaria paradoxa,Acacia niloticaandProsopis Africanahave API value 4 which is good,Prosopis africana,Acacia niloticaandTerminalia catappashown API value 3 which is moderate. SoVitellaria paradoxacould be used as green belt development.Field study was conducted by Kapooret al.48to assess the anticipated performance index of plants growing alongside the National Highway 21 revealed that comparison of the grading parameters by their summation for the API showed a variation in the plant species from a very poor to very good scale. Among the four plant species selectedToona ciliata与最高API分类符合的很好lowed byFicus caricaandMelia azediractain the poor andMorus albaunder the very poor category.Toona ciliatawas the most tolerant species among the selected plants and also this species has the high economic and aesthetic value. The study further signifies thatToona ciliatacan be recommended for plantation in the polluted areas.The study concluded that all the biochemical,physiological, biological as well as socio-economic parameters of the plant species play an important role in determining the sensitivity and tolerance of plants to air pollution. The data related to total chlorophyll content, Ascorbic acid content, Relative water content, pH of leaf extract and APTI have been summarised in Table -3.
Based upon API, Gupta et al have identified the Arjun and Morus plant species as very good performers out of four plant species viz. Arjun, Morus, Sheesham and Ashokat Delhi.49 Hence, these workers have suggested Arjun and Morus plants can be used for the greenbelt development purpose in the Delhi region. Their study included the dustfall deposition on the foliar in Delhi region. The APTI values of their study suggested that all the four species were sensitive and can be used as biological indicators.
Tiwariet al.,17evaluated the APTI of 52 plant species collected from iron and steel industry which is 11 km away from Raigarh district of Madhya Pradesh. They found that APTI ofAcacia niloticawas minimum (5.21) and maximum (15.02) inFicus glomerata.Lakshmiet al.,18examined the APTI of twenty four plant species around industrial area of Visakhapatanam and found that out of 24 plantFicus religiosa(Peepal) show highest APTI which is 25.77 andCasuarina equisitifolia(Casuarina) show lowest APTI which is 6.51. Peepal, Jujube, Amla and Indian laburnum showed intermediate response to air pollution. Other twenty plants showed APTI value less than 16, so these are under sensitive one. Sulistijoriniet al.,19从污染Jagoraw选择八个植物物种i highway and unpolluted site of Sindangbarang field in Indonesia. Various physiological parameters of the trees were recorded.Lagerstroemia speciosawas found more tolerant towards air pollution,Pterocarpus indicus, Delonix regia, Swietenia macrophyllawere less tolerant andCinnamomum burmanii is sensitive towords air pollution.Tripathiet al.,20evaluated the APTI of selected plant species growing alongside Moradabad city and Found thatHoloptelea integrifolia,Saraca indicaandPithecolobium dulcishaving highest APTI value i.e 55.8, 52.0 and 34.8 considered as tolerant species.Ficus rumphii,Azadirachta indicaandGrewelia robusta(35.7, 30.5, 34.3) are less tolerant.Alstonia scholaris,Cassia simeaandBauhinia variegata(21.5, 6.09, 18.22) are susceptible species.Begumet al.,21examined the air pollution tolerance index of various tree species around different manufacturing areas of Bangalore city. Seventeen plant species were selected for evaluation and out of theseSyzygium cuminishowed highest APTI value which is 16.1, 32, and 35 in three different industrial areas and considered as tolerant species followed byAzadirachta indicaandMadhuca latifolia Roxb. Guptaet al.,22评估不同植物物种的APTI芒刺dwan town, West Bengal. Ashok-Saraca indica, Debdaru-Polyanthia longifolia, Banyan-Ficus benghalensis, Dumur-Ficus hispida, Guava-Psidium guajava, Sisoo-Dalbergia sisoo, Mango-Mangifera indica, Chattim-Alstonia scholaris, Mahagunii-Swietenia mahoganii, Asattha-Ficus religiosawere selected for evaluation and found that Banyan, Mango, Mahagunii and Asoke having highest API value.Tripathiet al.,23also studied the APTI of plants commonly growing around the industrial area of Varanasi. APTI was calculated by testing various parameters and API was calculated based on resultant APTI, biological and other socio economic characteristics of plants. Out of these plantsFicus infectoriaandFicus religiosaconsidered as tolerant species.Deepalakshmiet al.24evaluated APTI of different plant species growing around the Bangalore city. Ten commonly growing plant species were selected and fresh leaf samples of these plants were collected and analysed.Bougainvillea spectabilisandAgeratum conyzoidesare considered as more susceptibletype, whileFicusreligiosa,BambusabambosandTerminaliacatappawith reasonable changes are regarded as tolerant type.
WhilePeltophorum pterocarpumand Portulaca oleraceaewithare regarded as comparatively resistant species. The trees of the previous group can be efficiently used as bio indicators of vehicle exhaust pollution, whereas the resistant trees can be employed as sinks for vehicular pollutants. In a similar investigation at Durgapur, Burdwan District,West Bengal of India, it was found that the highest APTI value (176.14) was noticed at Durgapur College Campus followed by 158.68 at Durgapur Projects Limited.25Taneeet al.,26evaluated the APTI of various plant species growing alongside the Umuebulu Gas Flare Station of Nigeria. Ten commonly growing plant species were sleeted for analysis; these areMallotus oppositifolus,Puerania phaseoloides,Vernonia amygdalina,Cymbopogon citrates,Manihot esculenta,Telfairia occidentalis,Musa paradisiacal, andTalinum triangulare. The results showed that out of these ten plant speciesPsidium guajavahaving highest APTI andOcimum grassitisimumhave lowest air pollution tolerance index.Babuet al.,27evaluated the From two sites, where one site is polluted area of a cement industry and another site is Yogi Vemana University campus. Ten samples were collected from each sites and analysed. In the polluted site APTI values were in the range of (7.38-10.12) and in the control site is (6.44-9.6). Out of the ten sampleAegle marmeloshaving highest APTI values andZiziphus zizyphushaving lowest APTI values.Wanget al.,28investigated the Leaf dust holding qualities of three tree species growing around the campus of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology located in the south of Xi’an.S. japonica,P. acerifoliaandC. deodarawere selected and found thatP. acerifoliahaving highest particulate matter holding capacity.Bakiyarajetal.,29Studied the air pollution tolerance index of 11 plant species growing alongside the industrial area of Neyveli town of Tamil Nadu. Out of these eleven plant speciesEucalyptus sphaving highest APTI value (6.52 ) andMurrya koenigiishowed lowest (0.81).Nwadinigwe30evaluated the air pollution tolerance index of six plant species around the urban area of Nigeria.Anacrdium occidentale, Bougainvillea spectabilis Mangifera indica, Delonix regia, Ixora coccinea , and Duranta erectawere selected and out of these six plant speciesDelonix regiagave highest APTI value followed byBougainvillea spectabilis, Mangifera indica, Duranta erecta, Ixora coccinea and Anacrdium occidentale(5.308 to 0.909, 4.904 to 0.001, 4.577 to 0.166, 4.508 to 0.002, 3.728 to 0.004 and 3.470 to 0.001).Boraet al.31studied the APTI of six different plant species viz.,Saraca indica(13.71),Azadirachta indica(12.98),Shorea robusta(12.64),Eucalyptus spp. (12.61),Ficus religiosa(12.61) andTectona grandis(13.33). According to anticipated performance index (API) all species were tolerant i.e.Azadirachta indica,Ficus religiosa,Saraca indica,Shorea robustaandTectona grandis. Madanet al.32determinedAPTI and API of Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Mango (Mangifera indica), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Guava (Psidium guajava) growing alongside Haridwar. Out of these six plant species Mango showed highest APTI value and Ashok showed lowest. On the basis of API Peepal found very good type.Dhankaret al.33selected 15 plant species (F. religiosa, Syzygium cumini, F. benjamina, Mangifera indica, A. lebbeck, P. guajava, , F.virens, F. benghalensis , A. Indica, Saraca asoca, Z.mauritiana, P. glabra, E. Oblique, A. scholaris and B. Variegate) for evaluation of air pollution tolerance index around Rohtak City. Out of the 15 tree speciesF.virensandE. Obliquewere selected for green belt development.Muhammed Ajiet al.34selected three different sites for evaluation of APTI in Maiduguri. 6 plant species were selected on the basics of their abundance. The study showed thatMangifera indicahaving highest APTI value which is (30.02) andCassia angustifoliahaving lowest (14.24).Khaya senegalensis,Eucalyptus sppand Azadiracta indica are moderate species (28.61, 24.10 and 28.23). Akilanet al.35studied APTI values of the four selected species viz,Tamarindus indicus(Tamarind),Neerium oleander(Oleander),Azadirachta indica(Neem) andPongamia pinnata(Karanj). Three different study areas were selected for calculation namely Arcot (automobiles),Ranipet (Industries) and College farm (less automobile transport and industries) located in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Among the four selected species,higher APTI found inNeerium oleanderwhich is (11.25 20.51 18.01),Tamarindus indicus(10.18 16.55 17.55 ),Azardicta indica(9.73 14.31 12.72 ),Pungamia pinnata(10.79 15.55 13.07). Gholamiet al.36determined APTI of 6 tree species in Ahvaz, Iran. Plant species were selected from blank area and polluted area and analysed. Out of these six plant speciesMyrtushas highest APTI value (7.21) andProsopishaving lowest (4.57).Ziziphuswas selected as the plant susceptible to air pollution in this study.In addition, the results of assessment of the above mentioned index showed that plants with higher APTI can be used as reducers of pollution and plants with lower APTI can be used to measure air pollution. In Indore city (MP) Patidaret al.37studied the impact of vehicular pollution on the plants growing along the A.B road. The study was done by selecting five heavily polluted sites of the Agra-Bombay highway (NH-3).Thevetia neriifolia,Magnifera indica,Psidium guajavaplants were selected due to their abundance in that road. Proline and Chlorophyll content are analyzed. They found that at most of the sites chlorophyll content was decreased in the foliage of the studied vegetationas compared with the plants of reference site while proline content was increased when compared with the reference site. Results of the current study shown that chlorophyll contents in all the vegetation varied with the pollution status of the site i.e.chlorophyll content of foliage decreases in the highly polluted area.It was concluded that these parameters are highly significant in understanding the plant-environment interactions and are used for developing of bio-indicator groups.Ogunrotimiet al.38evaluated the sensitivity and tolerance levels of the 12 tree species from 3 major roads to airpollution using APTI and results showed that the APTI of the tree species ranged between 9.2 and 12.7 the highest in case of the highest value was obtained inPolyalthia longifoliaand the lowest value inPsidum guajava. It was concluded thatP. longifolia,M. indica,G. arborea,T. grandisandT. catappawere the most tolerant to air pollution of all the tree species.Jyotiet al. 39studied APTI values of the five selected species i.e.热带榕属植物宗教性,Delonix regia,Polyalthia longifolia,Plumeria sp.AndAzadirachta indicaon the highly polluted roadside of Noida sector 78.For evaluation of its tolerant limit four physiological and biochemical parameters namely Relative water content, leaf extract pH, Ascorbic acid, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results showed thatPolyalthia longifoliais very sensitive to pollution andPlumeriaandDelonix regiaare comparatively less sensitive to air pollutants. Aasawariet al.40evaluated APTI of ten roadside tree species selected from polluted and control area in Thane city. The study shows that the control site has more APTI than the polluted site. The APTI observed minimum inTectona grandis5.2±0.3247 and maximum inAzadirachta indica13.5±0.4404. Reduction in APTI at polluted site shows thatAlstonia scholaris(6.6%),Tamarindus indica(8.8%) andAzadirachta indica(10.3%) were the most tolerant tree species, whileTectona grandis(47.5%),Acacia nilotica(27.4%) andCassia fistula(20.7%) were more sensitive tree species. The results showed the order of tolerance (% difference in APTI) asAlstonia scholaris(6.6%)>Tamarindus indica(8.8%)>Azadirachta indica(10.3%)>Moringa pterygosperma(11.9%)>Mangifera indica(13.9%)>Bahunia variegate(14.3%)>Annona squamosa(18.7%)>Cassia fistula (20.7%)>Acacia nilotica (27.4%)>Tectona grandis (47.5%). Maysoonet al.41evaluated the Air Pollution Tolerence Index of two plant species in Babylon provinus and The results showed the plantConocarpus lancifoliuscan be tolerant towards air pollution in comparison with plantDodonaea viscosathat consider as sensitivity to air pollution.
Anticipated Performance Index (API)
Guptaet al.42calculated the APTI and API of 10 tree species in Burdwan town, West Bengal. Out of the ten tree species Banyan (Ficus benghalensis), Mango (Mangifera indica), Mahagunii (Swietenia mahoganii), Asoke (Saraca indica) having excellent API value, Guava (Psidium guajava) is very good, Debdaru (Polyanthia longifolia) and Asattha (Ficus religiosa) are good, Sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo) is moderate, Chattim (Alstonia scholaris) and Dumur (Ficus hispida) showed Very Poor API values.Pathaket al.43evaluated the APTI of some plant species growing alongside Varanasi city, Uttar Pradesh.35plant species were selected for evaluation of API and out of these speciesFicus infectoria,Mangifera indicaandFicus religiosawere classified under the ‘excellent’ category.Mondalet al.44determined the Air pollution Tolerence Index(APTI) of ten plant species collected from Burdwan town, West Bengal. High value of APTI was found inPisidium guajavawhich is 31.75% and lowest APTI found inFicus hispidawhich is 13.26%. The API was also calculated by considering the APTI and other parameters. On the basis of API Banyan, Mango, Mahagunii and Asoke were suitable for green belt development. Chavanet al.45evaluated the API of different plants growing around the Aurangabad city and found thatAzadirachata indicaandMangifera indicawere the tree species having good API value because of their biochemical and socioeconomic characters whilePolyalthia longifoliaandDalbergia sissoowere having moderate and poor API value respectively. Esfahaniet al.46evaluated the anticipated performance index of various plant species in green belt of Isfahan, Iran. Tolerant plant species to air pollution were identified on the basis of their API values. Study showed that air pollution tolerance index in identifying resistant species to air pollution is more appropriate than anticipated performance index in semiarid areas like Isafahan. It has been noted that API is beneficial too, when it is calibrated for arid and semiarid areas. Ogunkunleet al.47calculated API of four plant species growing alongside the University of Ilorin, by combining air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index. The plant species selected for study were,Vitellaria paradoxa,Acacia niloticaandProsopis Africanahave API value 4 which is good,Prosopis africana,Acacia niloticaandTerminalia catappashown API value 3 which is moderate. SoVitellaria paradoxacould be used as green belt development.Field study was conducted by Kapooret al.48to assess the anticipated performance index of plants growing alongside the National Highway 21 revealed that comparison of the grading parameters by their summation for the API showed a variation in the plant species from a very poor to very good scale. Among the four plant species selectedToona ciliata与最高API分类符合的很好lowed byFicus caricaandMelia azediractain the poor andMorus albaunder the very poor category.Toona ciliatawas the most tolerant species among the selected plants and also this species has the high economic and aesthetic value. The study further signifies thatToona ciliatacan be recommended for plantation in the polluted areas.The study concluded that all the biochemical,physiological, biological as well as socio-economic parameters of the plant species play an important role in determining the sensitivity and tolerance of plants to air pollution. The data related to total chlorophyll content, Ascorbic acid content, Relative water content, pH of leaf extract and APTI have been summarised in Table -3.
Based upon API, Gupta et al have identified the Arjun and Morus plant species as very good performers out of four plant species viz. Arjun, Morus, Sheesham and Ashokat Delhi.49 Hence, these workers have suggested Arjun and Morus plants can be used for the greenbelt development purpose in the Delhi region. Their study included the dustfall deposition on the foliar in Delhi region. The APTI values of their study suggested that all the four species were sensitive and can be used as biological indicators.
 |
Table 3: Biochemical parameters along with APTI of Plant Species Click here to view table |
Conclusion
The extensive review has focussed on the measurement and monitoring of APTI and API of plant species growing alongside the Roads and industrial areas. Theseare useful tools to assess the tolerance level of plant species towards air pollution. The tolerant plant species can be used as pollution sink and help in controlling and mitigating the adverse impacts from air pollution. Plants having high APTI and API value are selected for the green belt improvement and helpful in long term air pollution management in city and developed areas. On the basis of review many plant species are found to be tolerant towards air pollution and are suitable for planting around industrial area and roadsides.
Acknowledgements
The facilities provided by the department of Environmental Science, YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan are highly acknowledged.
Funding Sources
The funds are provided by the department of Environmental Science, YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni - Solan.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest in the present study.
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