Current World Environment

Introduction

The issue of steel structures fireproof is one of the issues highly considered globally during the recent years. Considering firefighting and Tehran Municipality instructions on compulsion of making steel structures fireproof, cementitious materials is one of the materials accepted in Iran to fulfill this issue.¹Firecut-F1 cement based fireproof substance which is used exclusively by Beta Engineering Group in Iran is one of these materials. Two important discussions of thermal controlling of steel sections to determine the level of resistance against fire as well as resistance term against steel sections fire is one of the issues to be considered before evaluation of fireproof substance.

Fireproof Resistance Time

The first discussion posed in the field of building resistance against fire is the time of structure elements resistance against fire, defined as “fire resistance term”. The time of fire resistance of structure elements is determined when each of the following criteria occur.³

1. Structure collapse, which is considered as inability to structure elements in continuing bearing applied loads.
2. Average increased temperature of surfaces not facing fire shall be 250F (121C).
3. The passing gases and/or flames shall be hot enough to flame the thread ball in the part not facing the fire.
4. Thermal limitation of steel occurs.

Unprotected constructional steel has a bending temperature point of 470-500C, and loses roughly half of the relevant resistance under 500-550C,⁵which it is usually expected that it reaches such temperature within 5 minutes after flame (Table No. 2.1). Therefore, it is quite vulnerable against fire, which mainly needs resistance against fire. The main purpose of protecting structure against fire is to facilitate and expedite in adding, reducing damages imposed to the building, preventing development and progress of fire to adjacent buildings and preserving the life of aids and residents of the building. Of the criteria judged in determining the time to resistance against building fire, include distance between structure up to fire fighting station, type of structure application, seismic nature of region, etc. Determining the building resistance against fire, which is usually considered as one or two hours, shall be borne by the firefighting body.

Table 2.1

Time	Temperature
5 min	538
10 min	704
30 min	843
1 h	927
2 h	1010
4 h	1093
8	1260

Determining Sections Controlling Level

According to UL263 and ASTM E119 standards, structure members are classified into two groups of restrained and unrestrained which shall be fulfilled by a reliable designer and/or authority determining whether to apply the assembly in restrained or unrestrained manner. The unrestrained assembly calculation factors shall be used for both states of restrained and unrestrained of ceiling- floor and floor- ceiling designs. The ceiling- floor and floor- ceiling assemblies as well as beams may be considered as restrained when they support the structure or the support has the ability to bear the thermal expansion throughout the maximum expected temperature. Those structures not compatible to this definition shall be considered as free in bending and expansion and shall be deemed as unrestrained.³The following table may be used to determine the controlling the building members:

Table 3.1

Steel Structures
No.	Type of Connection	Restrained	Unrestrained
1	Steel beams bolted, welded or pivoted to the elements.	✔
2	All the members participating in floor and ceiling system (such as beam and slab, flat slabs, integrated beams) while the floor or ceiling system is fastened to structure members	✔
3	Various types of pre-fabricated floor and/or ceiling systems while the structure members are fastened to frame members and thermal potential of ceiling and/or floor system is strengthened by frame system and/or adjacent floor and/or ceiling structure.	✔

It should be noted that the members thermal controlling definition differs from structural controlling definition and the relevant thermal definition shall be considered in fireproofing designing.

Evaluation of Thickness of Fireproof Substance needed for a Steel Structure

而体内的温度变化是再保险lated to the body mass and surface of a certain part transmitting the heat, in calculation of thickness of fireproof substance, the minimum beam size is expressed as W/D. In this ratio, W is the unit length weight of beam and D is the common circumference between beam and applied fireproof substance. W/D is a standard determined by United States Steel Society for W8*28 section, which isd something between 0.8 and 0.819.

In order to determine the fireproof thickness, different beams sizes may be designed in the set of following designs considering the following formula (S800, S700, P900 P800, P700, N800, N700, J900, J800, J700, G800, G700, D900, D800, D700, A900, A800, A700).³

T1: fireproof substance thickness (in)

T2: tested fireproof substance thickness (in)

W2/D2= tested weight to unit length ratio

W1/D1= relevant weight to unit length ratio

Calculation of Sections Fire exposed Surface

As it may be seen in the following figure, for the beams, one side of the same is in concrete and the three other sides are exposed to fire. In fact, implementation of fireproof substance spraying operations shall be fulfilled for the parts exposed to fire. The following figure shows a section; the upper wing of this beam is not exposed to fire, as it is embedded in ceiling cover, and therefore shall not be considered in calculations.⁵

Figure 1: Sample of Evaluated Drawing Click here to View figure

In calculation of W1/D1 ratio, the following formula may be used to determine this ratio through conversion of unit:
Hp: fire exposed surface circumference (m)
A: section area (m2)
Now we calculate a building real sample:

Description of Structure and Primary Considerations

Considering the foregoing, in this part the analysis and calculation of thicknesses of different sections of a steel structure is studied. First of all, 2 hours shall be considered as the time of fire resistance for structure. This drawing is of a floor of a steel structure in Tehran, with unprotected steel deck, connected to elements with studs.

As explained part 3, first of all the beams restraining status shall be studied. According to foregoing figure, and UL263 by law, all the connections are not able to expand and bending and are considered as restrained. Merely those connections which are consular shall be seen as unrestrained as they may expand from one side. The following table shows the restrained and unrestrained joints separately.

Table 5.1

No.	Section Name	Restrained	Unrestrained
1	IPE160	✔
2	IPE200	✔	✔
3	IPE220	✔
4	IPE240	✔
5	PLG150×15	✔	✔
6	PLG200×15	✔	✔
7	PLG200×20	✔	✔
8	PLG250X20		✔
9	PLG300X20	✔
10	PLG300X25	✔

在UL263标准,以确定厚nesses of a network while an unprotected steel deck and concrete is used, D983 standard shall be applied. Usually this standard is also compatible with most of the structures constructed in Iran. the following table is used to determine tested W1/D1 ratio:

Table 5.2

Restrained thermal capacity (hr)	Unrestrained thermal capacity (hr)	Unrestrained beam capacity (hr)	Minimum beam thickness W8x28
1	1	1	7/16
1-1/2	1	1	7/16
1-1/2	1-1/2	1-1/2	5/8
2	1	1	7/16
2	1-1/2	1-1/2	5/8
2	2	2	13/16
3	1-1/2	1-1/2	5/8
3	2	2	13/16
3	3	3	1-5/16

In the following the calculation of fireproof substance thickness is given for a restrained and an unrestrained section:

PLG 300x25 Controlled Section

考虑建筑结构图纸,防火substance thickness of this section shall be as per the following:
Calculation of Hp for three sides shall be as per the following:
Hp= 3×300 + 2×500 + 4×25 - 2×12 = 1976mm = 1.976m
Calculation of A for the entire section:
A= 300×25 + 500×12 + 300×25 = 21000mm²= 0.021m²

According to UL263 standard, regarding the thickness of the section of smaller than 3/8in, shall be considered as equal to 3/8in or roughly 10mm.

IPE200 Unrestrained Section

Regarding calculation of highly applicable sections such as IPE and CPE in European manual, steel structures fire resistance the Hp/A ratio of the same has been calculated.

Concerning IPE200, the uncontrolled section is in this form, which is equal to 235.
IPE200:

Considering the table, T2 laboratory level for a section which is resistance against fire for two hours shall be equal to 13/16.

Eventually, the fireproof substance thickness for uncontrolled IPE200 shall be equal to 24.38mm.
The other thicknesses of sections have been given in the following table:

Table 5.3

No.	Section Name	Restrained	Unrestrained
1	IPE160	✔
2	IPE200	✔	✔
3	IPE220	✔
4	IPE240	✔
5	PLG150×15	✔	✔
6	PLG200×15	✔	✔
7	PLG200×20	✔	✔
8	PLG250X20		✔
9	PLG300X20	✔
10	PLG300X25	✔

Note: sections 7-10 shall be considered as 10mm as they are less than 10mm.

Conclusion

In determining the thickness of fireproof substance, two major factors, i.e. resistance against fire and restraining nature of members are of special importance. In the bylaws applicable in Iran, restraining nature of the section is limited to the restraining nature of structure. Concerning building elements thermal analysis, thermal restraining nature is of certain importance. In this article, in addition to thermal resistance time determined by 3rd discussion of national building regulations, some suitable thicknesses may be considered for sections considering their restraining features. Therefore, it is recommended that for the important buildings, the unrestrained factors are considered in designing for better safety of these structures. Designing suitable thicknesses may provide proper thermal resistance for the sections while eventually it minimizes financial and injuries and provides sufficient time for aids.

Acknowledgement

Mr. Majid Bahrami, managing director of Beta Engineering Group, who highly assisted the authors in provision of articles, is especially acknowledged. It is hoped that the academic society of the country may be assisted through developing other articles.

References

1. Regulations and Requirements of Steel Structures against Fire by Mineral spraying materials
2. Restraned Vs. Unrestrained Fire Ratings: A Practical Approach, By Socrates A. Ioannides, 1997
3. UL 263 – Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Building Constructions and Materials
4. 3rd Chapter of national building regulations, protecting buildings against fire, 2013
5. Thickness Determination for Spray-Applied Fire Resistive Materials, John L. Ruddy and Socrates A. loannids; 2002
6. ASTM- E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials;2003