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Introduction

Increasing demand of good quality water across all sectors has put an enormous pressure on groundwater an ubiquitous source of high-quality fresh water¹which has resulted in its continuous depletion and quality deterioration in Indo-gangetic plains.^2-15Indo-gangetic basin is one of the major aquifer systems of the World¹and southern component of Haridwar district in Uttarakhand forms the part of alluvial Indo-Gangetic plains. Upper Ganga Canal passing through the district has a wide network of distributaries and minors are making surface irrigation prominent in Bahadrabad, Roorkee and Narsan blocks. Khanpur and Laksar blocks fall in the south-east part of the district forms part of Khadars of Ganga and Solani rivers. There is no canal irrigation in the Bhagwanpur block.

The district has many industries generating considerable toxic effluents which might contaminate the groundwater of the district in future. Groundwater quality of Haridwar district shows high concentrations of NO₃^-, Cl⁻and SO₄²⁻that are generally due to the input from anthropogenic activities, which are local in nature.¹⁶Overall groundwater quality class of Haridwar district is fair and needs filtration and disinfectant^17-18computed using standard methodology.¹⁹Keeping this in view, the present work was carried out to assess the current groundwater conditions in terms of depth to water level and groundwater quality for finding its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose in the Haridwar district, Uttarakhand State, India.

Study Area

Haridwar district lies between 29^o33’ - 30^o14’N latitude and 77^o57 - 78^o1’E longitude at an average altitude of 230m. District Haridwar is the most densely populated district of Uttarakhand having a population of 19,29,029 (Census, 2011).²⁰迹区总geographical area of 2960 km²comprising of 6 administrative blocks viz. Roorkee, Bahadrabad, Narsan, Khanpur, Laksar and Bhagwanpur (Fig. 1). Haridwar district has an average temperature of 22^oC, relative humidity ranging from 37-88% and normal rainfall is 1134 mm with 80% of rainfall occurring during the monsoon season (June-September). The district is characterized under Indo-Gangetic alluvium group of soils and is represented predominately by loamy soils. The stage of groundwater development is 65% and 3 blocks namely Bhagwanpur, Khanpur and Laksar are categorized under ‘semi-critical’ condition.

方法

Depth to water level is important as it determines the distance that contaminants have to travel before reaching to the groundwater. In Haridwar district, depth to water level was measured at Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) monitoring sites at 41 locations during the year 2014-15. For assessing the groundwater quality, the water samples were collected during the year 2013-14 from 40 sites covering the entire district as shown in Fig. 2. The sample were analysed by CGWB, Dehradun using the standard procedure described by APHA (2012).²¹

Results and Discussion

Depth to water level

Depth to water level collected both for pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons during 2014-15 are presented in Fig. 3 and 4, respectively.

The data of 41 hydrograph stations distributed over the entire district are analysed for the years 2014-2015. The depth to water level during pre-monsoon ranged from 1.96-69.30 m with an average of 10.74 m and in post-monsoon it ranged from 1.57-52.20 m with an average of 10.51 m showing an increase on 0.23 m in average water level. In Bhabhar formation, depth to water level ranges from 10.91 m to 69.30 m whereas in the Gangetic alluvium it ranged from 2.50 m to 22.69 m. The distribution of water level shows that the water levels are deep in entire Bhagwanpur block.

Groundwater Quality

The statistical summary of the water quality parameters is given in Table 1. The average value of pH was measured 8 and the groundwater was slightly alkaline in nature, EC of groundwater varies from 262 to 1535 µS/cm with an average of 656 µS/cm. Ca⁺⁺ions concentration ranged from 28-108 mg/l with an average of 62 mg/l; Mg⁺⁺ions concentration ranged from 7-95 mg/l with an average 29 mg/l; Na⁺ranged from 5-92 mg/l with an average 33 mg/l; K⁺ions concentration ranged from 0.5-119 mg/l with an average 33 mg/l. Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺are the dominant cations contributing to 67% of the total cation contribution, while Na⁺and K⁺contribute about 33%. All the cations are found within the permissible limit of BIS: 10500-2012. Calcium in water is found to arise mostly from the dissolution of Ca⁺⁺bearing minerals of the aquifer formation and often it is the most abundant cation in aquatic water. Weathering and dissolution of calcium carbonate (limestone and dolomite) and calc-silicate minerals (amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivine, biotite etc) are the most common sources of calcium in aquatic system.

NO₃^-ions concentration ranged from 0.1- 86 mg/l with an average 15.6 mg/l and sample at Libraheri was found above permissible limit of 45 mg/l. HCO₃^-ions concentration ranged from 128-494 mg/l with an average 326 mg/l. The SO₄^--ions concentration ranged from 2.5-310 mg/l with an average 36 mg/l; Cl^-ranged from 4-128 mg/l with an average 29 mg/l. Among anions, HCO₃^-contributed 81% of total and the other anions had a contribution of 19%. Higher HCO₃⁻concentration is indicative of carbonate weathering and decomposition of organic matter. Northern part of district forms recharge zone for the gangetic plain aquifers. Sub-surface water moves through the boulders predominantly of which are transported from the Karol belt which have carbonate minerals.

The groundwater type is of Ca-Mg-HCO₃. In the groundwater, the alkaline earths exceed the alkalis and weak acids dominate strong acids. The higher concentrations of NO₃^-, Cl⁻and SO₄²⁻are generally due to the input from anthropogenic activities, which are local in nature.

Table 1: Statistical summary of analyzed water quality parameters in Haridwar district, Uttarakhand (n=41)

Conclusions

Stage of groundwater development is approximately 65% for the entire Haridwar district and presently falls under safe category. Three blocks namely Bhagwanpur, Khanpur and Laksar are categorized under ‘semi-critical’. Although groundwater quality is good for drinking as well as irrigation purpose but in few samples higher concentrations of NO₃^-, Cl⁻and SO₄²⁻ions are found and hence continuous monitoring is required for these ions as precautionary measures. Calcium in water arising mostly from dissolution of Ca⁺⁺bearing minerals of the aquifer formation and often it is the most abundant cation in aquatic water. Weathering and dissolution of calcium carbonate (limestone and dolomite) and calc-silicate minerals (amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivine, biotite etc) are the most common sources of calcium in aquatic system. Northern part of district forms recharge zone for the gangetic plain aquifers. Sub-surface water moves through the boulders predominantly of which are transported from the Karol belt which have carbonate minerals. Since the area is agriculture dominated and industries are also developing therefore, integrated water resource development and management framework is required to be adopted along with creation of shareable information which is essential for sustainable use of water resources.

Acknowledgement

Authors thank Director, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee for all the support and encouragement.

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