当前世界环境

Introduction

气候是一个重要的驱动程序为最佳选择ion of crops in a region, allocation of similar climatic zones has always received plunge. It paves a way for identifying potential productivity zones for various crops.^6,7and1delineated climatic zones of India using Thornthwaite and Mather approach.⁴现在有一个强有力的一致,气候常e presents a fundamental challenge to the well-being of all countries, with potential of being most harsh on developing countries. Water scarcity is a persistent issue in arid and semi-arid countries.

尽管技术advances, weather and climate play a key role in agricultural productivity. Hence, it is necessary to understand the changing climate over a period to feed the growing population. Rainfall is one of the utmost significant ultimate physical parameter among the climate as it governs the environmental factor of the particular region which distresses the agricultural productivity. It is also useful in the planning and management of agriculture and any change in this variable can influence the sustainable food production and water availability for the agriculture. A noteworthy impact of climate change in the recent years is on precipitation arrays on regional scale. Regional and local rainfall analysis are therefore important for country like India because regional variations get masked in a country wide analysis.²

The Southwest Monsoon (SWM) has been studied by the researchers throughout the world to understand its dynamics, predictability, cloud physics and tele-connection aspects which brings about 80% of the total precipitation over the country. North East Monsoon (NEM) rainfall (Oct-Dec) is the sustenance monsoon for Tamil Nadu. However, only five districts of Tamil Nadu alone (Salem, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, The Nilgiris, and Kanyakumari) are highly benefitted (32 per cent of the annual mean rainfall) from SWM for crop production. This uni-model (SWM alone or NEM alone) and bi-model (both SWM and NEM) rainfall patterns that prevail over Tamil Nadu create variability in soil moisture storage and accordingly the crops productivity and cropping pattern do vary significantly.

Materials and Methods

Ninety years (1911-2000) of both SWM and NEM rainfall data in respect of 32 districts of Tamil Nadu were obtained from India Meteorological Department and used for analysis after excluding the rainfall data of urbanite Chennai region. The potential evapotranspiration data of 31 districts of Tamil Nadu were collected from the published report.⁵The acquired data was sliced into three data periods (S1 – 1911-1940), (S2 – 1941-1970) and (S3 – 1971-2000) and again the same has been marked into ten decade (D1: 1901-1910; D2: 1911-1920; D3: 1921-1930; D4: 1931-1940; D5: 1941-1950; D6: 1951-1960; D7: 1961-1970; D8: 1971-1980; D9: 1981-1990; D10: 1991-2000). Simple descriptive statistics such mean and Co-efficient of Variation (CV) was analysed for different seasons and on annual basis.

The moisture index (Im) was computed based on the model of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) as given below.

Im= (P-PE/PE)*100

Where,
Im= Moisture index, P = Precipitation (mm), PE= Potential evapotranspiration (mm).

The moisture index was computed for SWM and NEM rainfall. The same was applied for data slice and decadal analysis to know the climatic shift over Tamil Nadu.

Table 1: Thornthwaite and Mather classification on Im

Results and Discussion

The ninety years seasonal (SWM and NEM) rainfall data analysed for the dependability of rainfall indicated that except for Erode and Tiruppur districts which registered more than50 per cent of CV showed less dependable rainfall while remaining districts revealed less than 50 per cent of CV specified more dependable rainfall for SWM. During NEM invariably all districts ensured highly dependable rainfall for Tamil Nadu
(Fig 1).

Figure 1: Normal rainfall variability and CV of monsoon rainfall over Tamilnadu Click here to View figure

The computed moisture index values of each district for SWM and NEM season are presented in Table 2, 3, and 4. An attempt was made to categorize different district as per the climate model.⁸The moisture index is an indicator of the supply of water in an area relative to the demand under prevailing climatic condition.^3and8The climate class analysed for different districts revealed that E indicating severe moisture stress (seven), D representing 50 per cent moisture stress (17), C1 specifying 20 per cent soil moisture stress +high temperature (five), C2 stating 20 per cent soil moisture stress + mild temperature (one) and A affirming excess soil moisture (one) registered for SWM.

Table 2: Seasonal Moisture Index (Im) of different districts of Tamil Nadu (1911-2000).

Table 3. Categorization of district based on moisture index of Southwest monsoon season Click here to View table

In NEM, seven districts came under C1, another seven districts came under C2, six districts came under B1-humid climate (zero soil moisture stress), five districts came under B2 humid climate (zero soil moisture stress), one district came under B4 humid climate (zero soil moisture stress), and five district came under A-excess soil moisture. The results indicated that all the districts did come either under sub-humid climate or above and not under either semiarid or arid climate.

Table 4: Categorization of district based on moisture index of Northeast monsoon season Click here to View table

Table 5: Categorization of districts fall under same climate based on moisture index Click here to View table

Reviewing the results given in the Table 2,3 and 4 (integrating SW and NE monsoon Im), the results clearly indicated that The Nilgiris came under same climate class (A) in both the seasons. This indicated that this district had excess soil moisture during the two monsoon periods. It is also interpreted that severe moisture stress could rarely occur in this district but the excess moisture would trigger landslides and other physical disasters. Since Coimbatore district is at the foothills of Western Ghats, in both the seasons this district came under moist sub-humid climate(C2) indicating the existence of 20 per cent soil moisture stress with mild temperature. The district Salem had (C1) dry sub-humid climate (20 per cent soil moisture stress + high temperature) though it is 200 km away from Coimbatore towards the east. Bi-model rainfall pattern was observed with Dharmapuri, Kanyakumari and Krishnagiri districts, even then, these districts did not come either under perhumid climate as observed for neither The Nilgiris nor dry sub-humid climates as observed for Salem district. These three districts Dharmapuri, Kanyakumari and Krishnagiri had differential appearance in the climate between two monsoons of study (Table 5).

Table 6: Data slice climate shift analysis for South west Monsoon

The slice data analysis of three epochs for the SWM period (Table 6) revealed that out of 31 districts, nine districts showed shift in the climatic class viz Coimbatore from (C1) to (B1), Cuddalore and Namakkal from (D) to (C1) respectively. The Nilgiris from (A) to (B4), Sivaganga, Theni, Tiruvarur and Tiruppur from (E) to (D) and Trichy from (D) to (E).

Table 7: Decadal climate shift analysis for South west Monsoon

The decadal analysis for the SWM period (Table 7) revealed that 10 districts explored the shift in climate from the base period. Ariyalur, Sivaganga, Tiruvarur and Trichyshowed a change from (D) to (E) impinging severe moisture stress compared to the base period.Coimbatore from (D) to (B1), Cuddalore from (C1) to (D) and Kanyakumari from (C1) to (B1), Krishnagiri from (D) to (C1) and Theniand Tiruppur from (E) to (D). Seven districts registered transference in climate on both data slice and decadal analysis. The slice data and the decadal analysis disclose that the climate class shift from D to E occurred in Trichy district might experience severe moisture stress on both time scale period.

Table 8: Data slice climate shift analysis for North east Monsoon

The data slice of three epochs for the NEM (Table 8) period revealed that out of 31 districts, 12 districts showed swing in the climatic class. Among the 12 districts, seven districts climate shift was with in the same class. Ariyalur, Dindigul, Thanjavur, Tirunelveli and Villupuram had a change among (B1 to B4) group which indicated that the soil moisture status will not deviate more in those districts. Theni and Tiruppur registered change between (C1) and (C2) group. Madurai, Perambalur and Virudhunagar showed a change from (B1) to (C2) which showed there might be change in reduction in soil moisture status among the data slice period. In the long run (1911-2000) period also, the shift was noticed in Perambalur and Virudhunagar from (B1) to (C2) while Madurai being in the same climate group (C2). The climate swing was from (C2) to (B1) in Sivaganga and from (A) to (B4) in Tiruvallur district.

Table 9: Decadal climate shift analysis for North east Monsoon

The decadal analysis for the NEM period (Table 9) revealed that 22 districts explored the shift in climate from the base period. Among the 22 districts, 13 districts climate shift was with in the same class. Moreover, the climate class shifts for the districts traverses within the less moisture stress (between C and B) climate group.

Conclusion

From the study, based on the moisture index value of the southwest monsoon rainfall, seven districts came under arid, 17 districts came under semiarid, five districts under dry sub-humid and one district each in moist sub-humid and perhumid respectively. Northeast monsoon rainfall had no districts falling underarid or semi- arid climate. The results were in favour of dry sub-humid for seven districts, seven under moist sub-humid, 12 districts under humid and five districts under perhumid climates. Further it was found that three districtsviz.,TheNilgiris (perhumid), Coimbatore (moist sub-humid) and Salem (dry sub-humid) did come under the same climate during both monsoon seasons respectively. The decadal analysis for SWM showed that Ariyalur, Sivaganga, Tiruvarur and Trichy showed a change from (D) to (E) impinging severe moisture stress compared to the base period. Considering the shift of climate type among the districts, Trichy district might experience severe moisture stress compared to the past slice period and also the decade wise analysis endorse the result obtained in the slice period.During NEM, Madurai, Perambalur and Virudhunagar showed a change from (B1) to (C2) which showed there might be change in reduction in soil moisture status among the data slice period. In the long run (1911-2000) period also, the shift was noticed in Perambalur and Virudhunagar from (B1) to (C2) while Madurai being in the same climate group (C2).

References

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