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Introduction

Biofuels are the energy carriers that store the energy derived from biomass, commonly produced from plants, animals and micro-organisms and organic wastes. Biofuels may be solid, liquid or gaseous and include all kinds of biomass as well as derived products used for energy purposes. Biodiesel is one of the alternatives fuel used to run the vehicle. Biodiesel was introduced to the world by Rudolph Diesel, a Germany Engineer in 1895 which transform peanut oil into biodiesel¹but, at that time the petroleum diesel based fuel still abundant thus make biodiesel fact hidden. After a few years later in 1970s, the world petroleum reserves depleted²and the earth start fighting with the environmental problems. This make biodiesel was taken into consideration as one of the efficient alternatives fuel. Biodiesel was chosen as the alternative because its properties differ a bit from conventional diesel depended on the oil feed stock and alcohol used but very close to diesel fuel.³Waste oil is defined a synthetic oil that, has become unsuitable for cooking purpose due to the presence of high amount of impurities as well as loss of original properties.Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) generates from many sources, including domestic, commercial and industrial Food factories facing an environment problem of WCO. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is one of the better ways to utilize it efficiently and economically. The price of WCO is 2–3 times cheaper than virgin vegetable oils. The soybean Production in India is approximately 13.34 million tons in 2013 & 2014. In 2014, 1.61 million tons of soya bean oil and 1.39 million tons of cottonseed oil were produced in India. It was reported that the transesterification of pre-treated waste cooking oil maximum conversion at 6.5:1 of methanol to oil ratio.⁴With further increase in molar ratio the conversion efficiency more or less remains the same but the energy required for the recovery of methanol becomes higher.It was concluded that the use of waste cooking oils is an effective way to reduce the cost of biodiesel production.⁵The advantages of using waste cooking oils to produce biodiesel are the low cost and prevention of environment pollution. These oils need to be treating before dispose to the environment to prevent pollution. Due to the high cost of disposal, many individuals dispose waste cooking oils directly to the environment especially in rural area.

Recycled waste cooking oil is harmful to health, but it is not environmental friendly to disposeused cooking oil just like that. The best solution is to used it for industrial purposes, namely to reproduce into biodiesel.⁶The highest biodiesel yield was obtained (71.2%) under the conditions of 1:1 volumetric oil-to-methanol weight ratio, 0.5% NaOH catalyst at 50°C reaction temperature and 320 rpm stirring speed. The results showed that biodiesel produced from different oil to methanol ratios, alcohol types and shaking time exhibited considerable differences. There was also a considerable difference of biodiesel yield produced by using methanol, ethanol and 1 butanol.⁷

Materials and Method

Preparation of Samples

The raw soya bean waste cooking oil was procured from Sarojini home science girl’s hostel. The contamination in the oil was filtered through 5µ filter cloth in vacuum filtration unit. The six samples of 1000 ml each were filtered on this machine. The Fig. 1 displays filtered oil along with impurity found in collected soya bean waste cooking oil.

Figure 1: Impurities & Filtered Soyabean waste cooking Oil Click here to View figure

Three random samples were drawn from filtered soyabean waste cooking and evaluated for its Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content, Relative density, acid value, saponification number and ester value as illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of Fresh and Waste Soya Bean Oil

Property	Fresh Soya Bean Oil	Waste Soya Bean Oil
FFA content (%)	0.03	0.35
Relative density (kg/m3)	890	895
Acid Value (mg KOH/g oil)	0.3	0.56
Saponification Number (mg KOH/g oil)	193	175
Ester Value (mg KOH/g oil)	192.72	174.44

Trans-Esterification Process

One liter of waste soya bean cooking oil was taken in a flask and heated till temperature reaches close to boiling point of methanol (65-70⁰C) on magnetic stirrer at 1250 rpm as shown in Fig. 2. The filtered waste cooking oil and methyl alcohol was used in 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 proportions for extraction biodiesel. Potassium methoxide (a mixture of KOH and methanol) was added slowly to the beaker and heated for one and half hour at 70⁰C temperature. At the end of reaction, the sample was transferred to a separating funnel for glycerol separation as show in Fig. 3. In separation process, glycerol was settled down in bottom of separating funnel leaving biodiesel in upper portion.

Figure 2: Beaker on Magnetic Stirrer Click here to View figure

Figure 3: Biodiesel-Glycerol separation Click here to View figure

Washing of Product

The produced biodiesel had traces of KOH, methanol and glycerol. Thus, it was washed for 4 to 6 times by spraying hot distilled water of 40-50ºC on the biodiesel and kept for separation. While separation process, the water was settled in bottom of separating funnel as shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4: Biodiesel washing Click here to View figure

Heating of Product

The washed biodiesel samples were heated to 110⁰C to remove the trapped traces of water in it. The final synthesized product was shown in Fig. 5, 6 and 7.

Figure 5: Biodiesel and Waste Soybean cooking oil Click here to View figure

Figure 6: Glycerol and Biodiesel Click here to View figure

Figure 7: Extracted Samples of Waste Soya Bean Oil Biodiesel with Glycerol Click here to View figure

Production of Biodiesel

The lowest biogas yield of 73% was achieved in sample 3 having 1:4 waste cooking oil to methanol ratio as shown in Fig. 8. An optimal biodiesel yield of 76% was obtained for waste soya bean oil at 1:3 volumetric ratio of cooking oil and methanol.

Figure 8: Biodiesel yield at different waste soya bean cooking oil to methanol rati Click here to View figure

Characteristic of Waste Cooking oil Biodiesel

The characteristics of waste soya bean biodiesel were evaluated with relative density, acid value, higher calorific value, kinematic viscosity and flash point.

The previous research work showed that increasing methanol to oil molar ratio increased the yield of biodiesel production. Oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:1 gave the optimum yield of biodiesel among them. The yield of biodiesel was 71.2% for 1:1 of oil to methanol molar ratio⁷but present study conclude that the 1:3 ratio of waste soybean oil to methanol will yield more biodiesel that other combinartions.

Relative Density

The relative density for different samples of waste soya bean and cottonseed biodiesel at room temperature was found and presented in Fig. 9. The relative density of different samples of waste soya bean at room temperature were found in the range of 880 to 905 kg/m³which was in the range 800 to 900 kg/m³at 15⁰c temperature recommended by ASTM D 6751. The biodiesel extracted at 1:3 molar ratio had lowest relative density of 878 kg/m³.

Figure 9: Relative density of biodiesel samples生产different oil to methanol ratio Click here to View figure

The American standard for biodiesel, ASTM D 6751, sets a maximum limit of 0.80 mg KOH/g oil for acid value. The acid value for different samples of waste soya bean biodiesel was evaluated and presented in Fig. 10. The acid value of different samples were in range of 0.42 to 0.70 mg KOH/g oil. The lowest acid value of 0.42 mg of KOH/g oil was obtained in biodiesel produced at 1:3 molar ratio and which below than maximum limit of 0.80 mg KOH/g oil recommended by ASTM D 6751.

Figure 10:Acid value of biodiesel produced atdifferent oil to methanol ratio Click here to View figure

Gross Heat of Combustion

Gross heat of combustion for different samples of waste soya bean biodiesel was found by drawing three random samples from extracted biodiesel and shown in Fig. 11. The calorific value of different samples were found in range of 40.8 to 41.3 MJ/kg. The highest calorific value of 41.3 MJ/kg was recorded with sample 3 of 1:4 proportion.

Figure 11:Calorific value of biodiesel produced atdifferent oil to methanol ratio. Click here to View figure

Kinematic Viscosity

运动粘度的不同样本的waste soya bean biodiesel was found and shown in Fig. 12 with the help of standard red wood viscometer. The kinematic viscosity of waste soya bean biodiesel was found in the range of 4.72 to 5.13 cSt which was in the range of 1.6 to 6 cSt as recommended by ASTM D 445. The biodiesel produced at 1:3 molar ratio had lower kinematic viscosity than other samples.

Figure 12: Kinematic Viscosity of Biodiesel生产different oil to methanol ratio. Click here to View figure

Flash Point

The American standard for biodiesel (ASTM D 93) sets a minimum limit for the flash point of 130⁰C. The flash point for different samples of waste soya bean biodiesel was found with the help of Pensky Martin’s flash point apparatus and shown in Fig. 13. The flash point values for different proportions of waste soya bean biodiesel was found in the range of 139 to146⁰C which was above the minimum limit recommended by ASTM D 93. It was also observed that, the flash point of waste soya bean biodiesel prepared at 1:3 proportion had lower than other biodiesel samples.

Figure 13: Flash Point of Different Samples of Biodiesel Click here to View figure

Conclusions

The study of laboratory scale production and characterization of waste soya bean biodiesel had following conclusions as.

1. The maximum biodiesel yield of 76% was obtained at 1:3 oil to methanol molar ratio & 1.0 % of KOH concentration.
2. The relative density of different samples of waste soya bean at room temperature were found in the range of 880 to 905 kg/m³which was in the range 800 to 900 kg/m³at 15⁰c temperature recommended by ASTM D 6751. The biodiesel extracted at 1:3 molar ratio had lowest relative density of 878 kg/m³.
3. The acid value of different samples were in range of 0.42 to 0.70 mg KOH/g oil. The lowest acid value of 0.42 mg of KOH/g oil was obtained in biodiesel produced at 1:3 molar ratio and which below than maximum limit of 0.80 mg KOH/g oil recommended by ASTM D 6751.
4. The calorific for different samples were found in the range of 40.8 to 41.3 MJ/kg. The highest calorific value of 41.3 MJ/kg was recorded with sample 3 of 1:4 proportion.
5. The kinematic viscosity of waste soya bean biodiesel was found in the range of 4.72 to 5.13 cSt which was in the range of 1.6 to 6 cSt as recommended by ASTM D 445. The biodiesel produced at 1:3 molar ratio had lower kinematic viscosity than other samples.
6. The flash point of waste soya bean biodiesel prepared at 1:3 proportion had lower than other biodiesel samples.

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