当前世界环境

Introduction

在当今的全球运动,促进民主,justice, sustainability and social participation has become around the world as a central axis in planning and political reform. When social groups are actively involved in planning and implementation, It is likely that the program needs, tastes and expectations of citizens and stakeholders be more harmonious ecological and social benefits to help them attain. According to Agenda 21, an essential prerequisite for achieving sustainable development, extensive public participation in decision making In particular, citizens' assemblies in the decisions that directly affect the life and work (Mahjabeen et al., 2008). Democracy requires that citizens be involved in the government, which depends on the participation of citizens (Kweit & Kweit, 2007). However, the role of people in the preparation, formulation and implementation of urban development projects are ignored or less attention. This has led to the failure of many local initiatives are distressed urban areas.

Materials and Methods

This Study is theoretical, descriptive, comparative and analytical and descriptive case study examples and research findings, survey and analysis. In the present study we used a set of methods. Data collection includes a library, in-depth interviews and field observations.

Theoretical Foundations of Research

Literature

Discussion of public participation in urban renewal and improvement for the first time in the late nineteenth century in England was introduced by Patrick Geddes. But due to (inflexible) planning system at the time, did not receive much attention. In 1969 Arnstain classification was introduced to the levels of participation presented. Meanwhile , Arthur Askfington report entitled "People and Planning", according to the report prepared for the British government, was planning should reflect the will of the people, and this is possible only if their participation (Zarabi & Tehrani, 2010). UK Labour Party's National Strategy for Neighborhood Renewal, such as the creation of user training, Users of health and local strategic partnerships with emphasis on the need for public participation in the planning and ownership of local communities to change and upheaval included (Pourahmad et al., 2001). and urban activities from the 1970s on wards, it was more of an iterative method. Thus, interventions in distressed areas was protection of views purely physical reconstruction, regeneration, recreation and urban renaissance Purely physical interventions are transformed to interventions with regard to social and human dimensions and Finally, in (regeneration) and urban renaissance, participation is one of the principal provisions in the context of interventions.

The proposedanalytical model for collaborative editing process of renovation deteriorated urban areas:Renovation of urban distressed areas, several methods can be employed. But the most important thing in the success and sustainability of the project is the acceptance of the proposal submitted by the residents and users of space.

For achieving this, the following entries are identified and their input during the design process can be designed more readily accepted and implemented.

In this study, Fist of all the concept of effective components and distressed areas and their involvement could be examined .Then, participatory methods and techniques and finally combination of components and dimensions of participation and distressed areas by models and techniques-posed model is developed. That The process is shown in Figure 1. To use this template, we can place the conditions and potentials and in consideration the objective each project part of the pattern participation in various stages, was used(Farash Khiabani, 2012).

Figure1: The proposed analytical model for collaborative editing process of renovation deteriorated urban areas Click here to View figure

Deteriorated Area

Deteriorated urban areas, are vulnerable due to physical exhaustion, poor access roadway access, services and facilities are vulnerable urban infrastructure, environmental and economic value lower And factors such as industrial structure and the price of housing and land, stop investing in public spaces, textures and rising unemployment have caused this crisis (Alpopi & Manole, 2013) Social justice, creation and development of environmentally safe, secure, and you want to live and the citizens in the enjoyment of life, goals and visions of the country that Without a doubt, distressed urban areas, with problems of physical, social, economic, and have developed areas to be incompatible with the purpose (Zangiabadi et al., 2012).

GeneralAspects ofDeteriorated Urban Areas

Economic and FinancialAspects

Depression activities, employment and income inappropriate situation of the residents, Low-income housing, and the economic value of land and low land price and low housing prices and halt construction in these areas

TheSocial, Cultural Aspects

Exit natives, increasing migration, reduction in the context of settlement (settlement unstable terminal), an increase in social abnormalities, creating a security crisis, the widening gap between the formation of social problems, creating a security crisis.

ThePhysical and Technical Aspects

Physical instability, Dense tissue, poor access, lack of community services, inefficiency and lack of infrastructure and utility services infrastructure and facilities, vulnerable to accidents and natural disasters

Theenvironmental Aspects

Types of pollution, climate, audio-visual and the lack of vegetation and natural elements

Thepolitical , legal Aspects

Condominium obstacles such as logs, inheritance, and no evidence of some real estate, legal barriers such as stop and arrest and judicial records of some property, administrative barriers: lack of finish, unauthorized construction, etc.

management, Structural and Administrative Aspects

Due to organizational and managerial incompetence, inefficiency, plans, programs, practices and procedures and the lack of cooperation institutions (Andalib, 2014).

Experimental Aspects, Aesthetics

Exhaustion of body image perception and conception of the mind based product or a range ,Over time with changes in the environment, human, social, economic or natural, historical context without changing their proportion in the population today is lost to serve the needs. The notion of a value judgment, and may in fact be no true essence (Teasdale, 2001) lack of tissue identity, a sense of lack of space, lack of understanding in the context Untouchable, non-satisfaction of human aesthetic sense, lack of vitality in the tissue.

Participation

参与导致赋权和p的人art of the development and promotion of empowerment. And in addition to the success of the Authority and its activities , the confidence, skills and knowledge that is part of the final product, increase (Abu Samah & Aref, 2009). Public participation, commitment and guidance people in the planning process to ensure that the most important issue in the development of future cities (Amado et al., 2009).

通过交流实现授权当地社区tivities, organization, leadership and capacity building in the local community has led to dramatic changes. Participatory and interactive approach, in addition to the above, the multi-agency effort is also included. The aim of thinking and collective action may sometimes lead to tension between institutions and organizations, but the view of the target as a more consequence prospective and another mode of urban management and urban knows rule. Working in partnership with several organizations to encourage greater participation and involvement in the affairs of the city, the electoral system is complete (Pourahmad et al., 2001).

RenovationTheoristsParticipatoryDeteriorated Urban Areas

第一个理论家解释原则f intervention in the context of the principle of participation of people have pointed out, is Lewis Mumford. Kevin Lynch and Jane Jekobez including scholars and theorists of the twentieth century in the field of rehabilitation and urban renewal have commented on Urban humanist. Lynch believed to be in the process of rehabilitation and urban renovation, planning and coordination with public participation and consultation with experts and public officials in the future. (Shamaei & Pourahmad, 2007). Jekobez Jane(1961), in the context of aging and old tissues in his so-called "chronic tissue problematic" neighborhood and self-heading subject to the principle of human relations and public participation in the rehabilitation and re-emphasized (Pakzad, 2008). Christopher Alexander (1936) in relation to distressed areas of cities and historical sites, in order to create organic, organs or structured schemas, the focus of widespread public participation (Pourjafar, 2010). The principles of such participation, order organic, sustainable balance makes contemporary trace elements can be reached stable equilibrium and harmony with the economic, social, environmental believed (Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2008).The process and the participatory urban decay modernization theorists are shown in table 1.

Table1: Participatory Urban decay modernization theorists Source: authors

Theorist	Year	Dimension of intervention	Principles ofIntervention	Mode ofaction	Scale
Lewis Mumford	1895	Physical Performance	-Planning, building contemporary-Participation - to intervene in any space	ImprovementRenovation	neighborhood
Kevin Lynch	1918-1984	Experimental- aesthetic	At the time being - the preservation of the rich - emphasis on values Untouchable - creative dialogue between citizens and urban space - space perception - readability	Improvement Renovation Rebuilding	Space, neighborhood, settlements
Kenzo tangeh	1913	Functional	- Integration with nature - the harmony between man and his work with nature - Continuity - Variety	ImprovementRenovation	Building, space, neighborhood
Christopher Alexander	1936	Physical	- Questions of the organization - Diagnosis - Partnership - slow growth – stable balance- language model – (harmonized)	ImprovementRenovationRebuilding	SpaceNeighborhood
RichardRogers	1990	Physical	- Flexibility - compatibility with the surrounding environment - human-centered - stability - the continuity with emphasis on the traces of the past - the relationship between people and space	RenovationRebuilding	Single building, space, neighborhood, settlements

CollaborativeModel

Participation motto (Participation slogan): It is not actually participate, claim to have been involved. Original intention nor the public interest, but the interest is planning authorities and the main reason for resorting to participate to earn recognition for design and reduce people's resistance against it and, therefore, ease of implementation is the intention of the limited partnership, the public interest, to the extent planning authorities will not conflict with the interests of the people .the main objective of real participation, providing maximum benefit and satisfaction of the public. Limited partnership (Limited partnership): The main intention is where the public interest and the interests of the client program does not find the conflict. People have commented on the opposition, but can not monitor the implementation of their ideas. Participation in this kind of information usually comes from the bottom. Support this kind of participation is functional viewpoint and technocratic approaches.

Actual participation (Actual participation): The main intention of providing maximum satisfaction of the public interest and the costs of this plan are financed by the government or organization.

This type of information sharing, interaction and is very active and public authorities in both planning and information with each other. Intellectual support this kind of participation, democratic, liberal views and direct participation (Saeedi Rezvani & Habibi, 2006).The kind models of partnership source are shown in table 2

Table2:Modelsof partnershipSource:authorsAccording to the interpretation of : (Schlossberg & Elliot, 2005), (Rosemary& Blamey, 1999: 20-21) And (Pimbert & Pretty, 1995: 21), (Arnstain, 1969), (Saeedi Rezvani & Habibi, 2006) and (Driskell, 2002).

Non-cooprative	Participationslogan(View)		Minorcontribution(limited)	Real Participation
Treatment - Manipulation			Consultation Relief Information	Control citizenship Being a partner Power of Attorney (delegate)
Non-corporative	-Guided participation -Increasing involvement			Real participation
	Information		Consultation with the public	Simultaneous interaction
	Educate the public		Data collection and Prospects Public Involvement	The general consensus Test ideas and advice and consultation
	Passive participation (Information To the public)		Consultation with the public Data collection Incentives to stimulate participation and financial incentives	- -Participation interactive / social mobilization - Active participation Functional cooperation
Manipulation	Information Consultation		Build consensus - Decision making	- Sharing of risk Partnership - Automation management
	information		Empowerment Consultation	Partnership
	Manipulation Ornamentation Egalitarian representation		Consultation social Mobilization	Responsible people Participate in decisions
	information		Consultation Cooperation	Empowerment
Information unilateral	Consultation		Active participation
Department of candidates by authorities	Volunteers decorative role Volunteers symbolic Informing the candidate set	Counseling and information volunteered by the candidate Among the activities and decisions of the volunteer staff.			Led by volunteers - Started to work with volunteers and sharing decisions with staff

ParticipatoryMethods in the world

The process of changing in methods of participatory action are shoen in table 3. In this table gain the kind methods of participatory and can see all of them in one table

Table3: Methods of participatory action Source: Farash Khiabani, 2012:57 Click here to View table

Renovationof Participatory Methods in Iran

To achieve the patterns of participation, on the basis of the studied samples and targets, selection of appropriate models is needed.

This part of the research methods employed in the modernization partnership in Iran, on Jul 4, acquisitions-are examined and are shown in table 4.

Table4: Renovation of participation in Source: authors

Partnership name	Partnership case	Goal	How to apply
Projectstock	Attracting the participation of owners	Project Financing Capital reorganization split	Also benefit from dividends or ownership of the construction project
Home o home	Owners tissue	Temporary housing residents worn tissues until the preparation of modernization and real estate exchange worn without the intervention price (Norouzi Shams et. al., 2009)	Equivalent to 2.1 times the area of the old Kingdom of assigning apartment owners
Partnership bonds	Domestic and foreign investors tissue owners.	Project Financing	Bonds, bonds with a name or a name that is authorized by law or the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the specified nominal price for a specified period and to provide the financial resources needed to create a complete and profitable development projects in manufacturing, construction and service releases And investors who wish to participate in the projects in question are entrusted with public offering (Aeini et al., 2009: 7)
Meters ofhousingsales	Inside and outside	Housing will stimulate the production environment Fundraising split among individual investors and savings Gradual	The units were built with government support to be offered by investment firms And applicants with a minimum purchase of securities to be at least half the price when buying your desired property provided conclusive. And 50% of the cost of housing units as possible in implementing agreed between the company and the investment banks operating under contract to drive long-term facilities authority purchaser (Rousta et al., 2011: 7).
Cooperative company	Participation of others, including contractors, investors and Natural and legal persons is also possible (Rousta, et al., 2011: 7).	Increase the sense of participation and confidence of the members of a community or an urban area Increased sense of satisfaction and legitimizing urban management Community is ready to take over more responsibility Mayor and city manager's tenure leads to trusteeship Capital reorganization split	Owners of the property they are worn together in a range of tissues, with the Executive Coordination and cooperation office will attempt to form a cooperative. Shares of each member, in addition to the monetary value of his property, cash and non-cash capital and technical services, with the consent of other shareholders can increase their stock levels (Rousta et al., 2011: 7).
MethodB.O.T	Other investors out of context	Financing of major projects	Municipal land temporarily puts the investor And construction of the project by the investor for the benefit of certain municipal and investor interests are. And after the participation of all movable and immovable property of the project, the municipality will be(Rousta et al., 2011: 7).
Collapse	Inter and out of context	When the tissue is recommended that values are not buildings And provide a valuable collection of urban elements Also, due to exhaustion and various other disorders may not be used in any way (Doubran, 2009: 129)	Complex property division by successive parts shrink and become irregular or division of property among heirs And neglect the property owners due to the differences and legal barriers. City blocks in terms of elements, including the bus network, landscaping, parking, cultural, health and educational entertainment - Administrative problems are structural Demolition and renovation of single plaques sometimes dysfunctional tissues are continuing structural problems (Doubran, 2009: 129)

Table5:Analytical Model来源:authors

dimension	index		Interventiontime	Participatorymethodsused	Participatory toolsto raise residents' opinions and actions in the plan
Economic	Economy within the context	Capability makes	Before, during and after implementation	-Charrettes-Area Forum	- Construction of three-dimensional models - Inventory - Interview
		Occupation	After running
		Attracting investment wisdom makes	Before running
	Economy out of context	Gratuitous home prices	Before running	Area Forum- Charrettes	-Inventory-Interview
		Investment out of context	Before running
		Government incentive package for the tissues	Before, during and after implementation
Policy-Programming- Management	Politics	Rules	Before and during implementation	Action Planning-Charrettes	- Construction of three-dimensional models - Inventory - Interview
	Planning and Management	Programs	Before and during implementation
		Plan	Before and during implementation
		Timing	Before running
		Commitment to schedule	During running
		Creating local institutions	Before running
Social	Maintain social foundations		Before and after implementation	-Focus Groups- Area Forum	- The creation of a collective memory - Traces Glyver
	Maintain neighborhood centers		After running
	Creating security		During and after implementation
			During and after implementation
	Surveillance and social control
Culture	Given local subcultures		Before and after implementation	FocusGroups- Area Forum	- Inventory - Interview
	The mixing of cultures		Before and after implementation
	Shanyt Cultural Quarter		After running
	Reports of poor neighborhoods		During and after implementation
Physical-Physical-Infrastructure -Register	Renovation building		During running	Area Forum-Planning for Real-Charrettes	- Construction of three-dimensional models - Inventory - Interview - The creation of a collective memory - Traces Gvlyvr - Painting
	Retrofitting		During running
	Road widening		During running
	Creating neighborhood hangouts		Before and after implementation
	Privacy creating private-public, semi-private		Before and after implementation
	Designed for people of different age groups		Before and after implementation
	Secure parking		Before and after implementation
	Providing green space		Before and after implementation
	The per capita supply of standard		Before and after implementation
	creating stimulating users development		Before and during implementation
Environmental	Clean visual, auditory, behavioral and delinquency		Before, during and after implementation	Planning for RealArea Forum	- Inventory - Interview
Perception-experimental	Maintain local identity		After running	Focus Groups- Area Forum	- Use of photos and videos - The creation of a collective memory - Traces Gvlyvr - Painting
	Restoring collective memory of the previous quarter		After running
	Creating a sense of community		After running
	Developing a sense of the aesthetic of the neighborhood		After running

一般来说可以说关于定理y presented in the projects implemented in Iran intentions, interests mainly planners and employers, The participation, funding schemes and look into partnerships generally, as an instrument to legitimize is the scheme . The project does not take place in a poll of citizens, citizens' right to protest and monitoring plan, there is no information flow is mostly one-sided. So what is certain to achieve a true partnership limited partnership, and finally, passing through partnerships motto seems necessary. In this paper, we examined the involvement of a variety of methods, but must be acknowledged The results of each method will be successful only if the people and their participation in her first letter. More research into the types of participatory methods in developing analytical model considered in order to identify priorities and parameters affecting dimensions The revival of urban forms of participatory methods available are expressed.

Collaborative Tools

In general, there are many collaborative tools based on the aim of the partnership and the extent and method of operation, Each tool can be used for something good ,This study involved a number of tools that are aimed more to work on. Interviews, questionnaires, making three-dimensional models to create a collective memory, using photos and videos

CluesGoliyor

The activity of a large map (scale 250/1 to 500/1) and displayed in the local area evenly. This activity within ten days at one of the public and visible (such as a shopping center or a center for public gatherings) do result, Map placed on the ground and the people invited to bring their shoes and sit cross-legged on the map and their opinions on the base. As the map is filled with comments, photos taken from near the surface map. This paper focuses on a map called "Traces Goliyor" named individual or group memories and concepts to different sites in local urban settlements linked (Driskell, 2002).

Painting

要做到这一点,研究人员建议开始嗨s career with a central question Such as: "Can you please draw a painting of the area in which you live and places to go and it is important for you to show?" Remember that a painting is like a map, however, encourage participants to focus on the public and semi-public. After finishing the painting, take notes, including the various stages of painting what was What is the element that extends to the end of the painting, which place more emphasis on what is and what limits obvious in seem (Driskell, 2002)

Results and Discussion

Conceptual Model

According to what was stated in the previous study, it becomes clear -For intervention in distressed areas of the various aspects, including economic, political - a program-management, social, cultural, physical, Land use and infrastructure, environmental and conceptual - aesthetic is considered In each of the methods of participatory approaches from global experiences in Iran, is, Areas of intervention and appropriate tools to achieve full participation and applied. Thus, the following model is presented in Table 5. The hope is that the application of a participatory intervention with regard to the most important aspects of distressed urban areas, And impact indicators as well as the involvement and participatory methods and tools used in the implementation.

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