当前世界环境

Introduction

In the last two centuries, whit the growing of urbanization, the pattern of building house has gradually changed in different countries. In fact, urbanization of human settlement in the cities over the years. Along whit the growth of urbanization in Iran, the policy of Mass Housing productions in the form of residential as a way of responding to the need for housing is expanded rapidly. (Azizi and Malek Mohammad Nezhad 2006)

Housing policy and Mass making in Iran involve the issues that faced the personal and social life of with numerous problems and disorders. On the other hand, almost all population's growth is happening in cities in the next 30 years. Rapid urbanization happens more in developing countries. International Bank predicts that in 2035, the max pole of poverty is concentrated in the cities.

Nowadays, it seems that due to the growth in the population of cities, more ravages in urban management and due to complexity of urban system, provide specialized services and subspecialty of society and complex problems related to decreased social interaction between the parts in the cities, this problems become more complex.

Apartment housing as a sub set of urban life is a topic of debate recent years that with positive and negative consequences brought a new challenges for communication and social interaction. (Bagheri and colleagues 2013).

After investigation, it was found that the social problems of residents who live in an apartment and in the district of Abbas Abad was significantly more than people live in villas. And the degree of social distance among the in habitat of the villa is more than among the of apartment housing. The main focus of the article "the import of apartment housing on social interactions of Abbas Abad district" shows that this district was once place when social interaction was very high due to its situation.

And now we want to know that with the changes in the steps of buildings over time, do still the social interaction of people remain strong like past or became weaker ? So with the designing questions and giving questionnaire to the people of Abbas Abad district with the one of obtaining information, we present the analyze of questionnaire and Conclude the details.

Literature Review

From about 1970's, in some parts of the world the idea of returning to the normal life of the past time, and the necessity of human social life gradually grew. among proceeding in the content was creation of residential building with the entitled of kuhavsng. as far the word of kuhavsng that was formed by combining of two words, Home and community, the purposes is to encourage people to social life. (McCamant and durratt, 1986).

Indeed, the main goal of the type of collection is to promote human social life and providing coordination and showing experience based on the democratic procedures for residents and also achieving a high level of stability. In the kind of situation and collections people are encouraged to live together and have collective and group activities, but the control of residents are, their individual life and thoughts are in the best manner. So in this way we can establish a balance between private and social life of human beings. (Scotthanson, 2005).

After the formation of this idea many studies for the revival of human social relations is varies fields have been conducted, we will mention in the following. one of these studies is the study that was conducted in 1995 in America by jack l. Nsr and his colleague. They examined the factors influencing social interaction in a residential neighborhood and examined through comparative tests that conclude between housing sets with different design.

According to the results of the questioners the residents had multifunctional sets versus single functional sets and also families with children had neighborhood communications verves families without children. And in the apartments that had garden and landscape, there was more social interaction between residents versus apartments without any garden and landscape. (naser and Julian, 1995).

最小值和李在2006年从韩国,分析children's different spaces in the housing complexes from the perspective of psychology. according to the report of 91 children living in a neighborhood of high-rise apartments that were taken in seaul, the children's favorite space was open spaces like park (Min and Lee, 2006).

Another study was conducted in 2006 by Huang a researcher from Taiwan, in the study the relation of the residential area and residents of social interactions in discussed. For this purpose a questionnaire was distributed among local residents. The result showed that landscape design of different spaces such as scenic green spaces, spaces for play Games, spaces with lots of plants, spaces which are good places to sit, can have a significant impact on increasing social interaction (huang 2006). Due to the increase in population and congestions of apartments in south Korea, investigation began in 2010 by Yunsk Lee Etal. That by using the strategies in the plan apartment designing. It can increase social health of residents. the result is that residents tend to modify the places and design of public spaces on each floor considers and lobbies for increasing the interactive (Leeet al., 2010).

莉莎木女士和她的同事在澳大利亚a research with the aim of investigatory the factors that effecting special relationship of residential neighborhood. In the way of this goal, study completed the relationship between the three elements of the designing neighborhood, walking and social interactions. The result shows that the residents sense of community has a direct relationship with the role of walking in distracts, watching the neighbors while walking and the presence of good views in this distract. (woodet al. ,2010).

The Purposes of Research

the most purpose of this study is: Analyzing the effect of the apartment housing upon measuring and decreasing in social interaction of residents and sub-purposes can be categorized as follows: -Creating awareness in urban management to enhance social interaction -increasing social interaction between residents and neighborhood residents.

Theoretical Foundations

Environment, needs and human behavior Human beings are complex with various spiritual and material incentives. Motivation is the force that guides and organize perception, cognition and purposeful behavior of human. Behaviors act in order to satisfy the needs, so understanding of the human needs is important for designers. To investigate human needs, different models presented. among them, the human needs by Maslow is more capable for adapting to environmental design principles. what is important is to recognize the needs of the user's expectation that stemming from the physical structure of the environment. obviously, the greater ability to meet these needs, in better consent between people. (matlabi. 2001).

环境和人类社会行为的世界here population growth is causing crowded spaces, excessive streets that is arise from contacts between individuals, shows the need to expand on the concept of personal space, privacy, crowded and territory and their relationship to the built of artificial environment. Architects and designers, with the help of a better understanding of the concepts, provide scientific achievement in the field of artificial environment in order to provide the conditions for a successful social life. (namziyan, 1998)

Environment and Social Interaction Design

John long is a researcher who his main focus in the role of the Behavior screws on the environmental design. In this work entitled "the creation of architect and theory" few among them can get from spaces and environmental factors. And assumptions that effect the environment is actually a mental scheme that form the behaviors and activities in various fields (kashani jo, 2009)

long mention to this point that in normative theory of designing environment, we face with lots of comments about how is the effect of designing on the people's social interactions. Due to the different dimensions have to use different strategies in order to increase opportunities for interaction and relationship building effects. while designers draw attention to the privacy and controlling of their territory. (Lang, 2003).

Human Social Needs

满足humanitarian needs are so important that researchers in different disciplines, such as social sciences, has been defined satisfying the needs of man as the ultimate goal of social development from their point of view maslow's hierarchy of human needs can be classified into 3 categories:

1. Biological and psychological needs,
2. Psychological needs,
3. Social needs that is one of the most basic needs that every human life depends on it.

So human beings are social and communication and social interaction needs are essential. Often people interact with ability (T. wood, 2000)from Christopher Alexander's point of view, the mutual social interaction is necessary. He also believes that activities, by the creation of the social context, it can help to the development of the individuals. Meanwhile, social interaction, attitude with different backgrounds can close the different characteristics together.

The Interaction of the Sample

The case study is Abbas Abad district, it is one of the regions of Isfahan. Abbas Abad district is known as one of the priming places of Isfahan with a high level of social interaction. the presence of older residents of the neighborhood has increase social interaction now, because the villa building demolished and starting to build multi store buildings in its place and also because of the problems that most among people in developing contraries and also the entry of new residents to the area and to the new communities. social interactions in this place decrease.

Figure1: location of Abbas Abad district in Isfahan zone Click here to View figure

Developing a Questionnaire

According to the purpose of research the questions of questionnaire classified in order to investigate three factors, the distribution of question according to the survey questions are as follows: Question 10-14: consent and tendency for the presence of residents in the complex area. Question 15-18: designed according to the needs of children and elderly in the area. Question 19-24: the sense and feelings of neighborhood between residents. Each of the questions about the complex of resident’s area is in breaking sentences form, that they should answer it by selecting among alternative answers. These five questions are in the form of yes, no questions for having more accurate conclusions.

Questionnaire Analyzing After the investigation founded out that results of the questionnaire were as follows:

1. 基于地区居民的o类型的关系n 4 levels: greeting with neighbors, neighbors communicate with each other. Greeting with distract residents, district resident communicate with each other.

Order from most important to less important: 1. greeting with neighbors, 2. greeting with district residents, 3. neighbors communicate with each other, 3. district resident communicate with each other.

2. According to the information that obtained from questionnaires the presence scale of citizens over 3 years is about 50%. The presence scale of citizens over 8 years is about 46. 7%. and the remaining that is scale 3. 3% are people who live in the neighborhood over 10 years.

Table1: Citizenry under 10 years

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	yes	75	50. 0	50. 0	50. 0
	no	75	50. 0	50. 0	100. 0
	Total	150	100. 0	100. 0

Table2: residents under 3 years

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	yes	70	46. 7	46. 7	46. 7
	no	80	53. 3	53. 3	100. 0
	Total	150	100. 0	100. 0

3. In response to this questions that "Is there a place for gathering in district ?" about 60% gave a positive responds to this questions and about 40% negative responds to this questions.

Table3: Is there a gathering place

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	yes	90	60. 0	60. 0	60. 0
	no	60	40. 0	40. 0	100. 0
	Total	150	100. 0	100. 0

4. In calculation among the questions that Is about "Age" and "Is there any gathering place in the district" the results were as follows: people who their average age is about 15-45 responded that there is a gathering place in the distract and people who their average age is about 20-25 responded that there is no gathering place in there.

Table4: Variables Entered/Removed about "Age" and "Is there any gathering place in the district"

Model	Variables Entered	Variables Removed	Method
1	is there any places for gathering? b	.	Enter
a. Dependent Variable: age
b. All requested variables entered.

Table5: Model Summary about "Age" and "Is there any gathering place in the district"

Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate
1	0. 290a	0. 084	0. 078	1. 625
a. Predictors: (Constant), is there any places for gathering?

Table6: Enova about "Age" and "Is there any gathering place in the district"

Model		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
1	Regression	36. 000	1	36. 000	13. 632	. 000b
	Residual	390. 833	148	2. 641
	Total	426. 833	149
a. Dependent Variable: age
b. Predictors: (Constant), is there any places for gathering?

Table7: Coefficients about "Age" and "Is there any gathering place in the district"

Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	5. 167	0. 402		12. 861	0. 00
	is there any places for gathering?	-1. 000	0. 271	-0. 290	-3. 692	0. 00
a. Dependent Variable: age

5. another calculation among the questions such as "the type of building" and "Is there any gathering place in distract? ". the results were as follows: the owners that their type of building was apartment gave negative answers to the questions. and those who have wickets (houses with yard )gave positive answers to the questions.

Table8: Model Summary about "the type of building" and "Is there any gathering place in distract?

Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate
1	0. 272a	0. 074	0. 068	0. 484
a. Predictors: (Constant), is there any places for gathering?

Table9: Enova about "the type of building" and "Is there any gathering place in distract?

Model		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
1	Regression	2. 778	1	2. 778	11. 840	. 001b
	Residual	34. 722	148	. 235
	Total	37. 500	149
a. Dependent Variable: type of building
b. Predictors: (Constant), is there any places for gathering?

Table10: Coefficients about "the type of building" and "Is there any gathering place in distract?

Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	1. 111	0. 120		9. 279	0. 000
	is there any places for gathering?	0. 278	0. 081	0. 272	3. 441	0. 001
a. Dependent Variable: type of building

6. In some areas of district that their houses are wickets, the social interaction is more than other places of the district and at the harvest time was seen that at some points in the district 4-5 % have been gathered and according to the questions we realizes that the average age of all was 40-50 years old. they are the old residents of the distract and they have know each other.

7. In some ports of the district there are people who communicate with others just by greeting but this is wrong and it is not worthy to mention that women who took their children to school, meet each other and speak together about 3. 5 minutes and some others communicate with each other as a simple greeting.

8. some residents of the district who is in a same complex or they are colleagues or relative with each other, went to the park or having fun on weekend nights or some time they gather in the houses of the member of the building.

9. The district residents who their houses (apartment and villa) placed along the niasarm stream, have high social interactions.

Solutions

According to the questionnaire in the social interactions in community reach to its strength, we were faced with suggestions.

1. mothers would say that if there is a place with security and good space so our children can play there and parents can communicate with each other while their children are playing.
2. The elderly who believed that it was so better if they provide a place with traditional design for them they can spend their leisure time in that place.
3. youth believe that it will be better if there is a place for playing sports so they can communicate more with their friends.
4. women say there is weekly and monthly events at home that this movement can also be hard for men but with other focuse to have more interaction. (such as loan fund).

Conclusion

当我们在分析问卷的所以说me parts of the district that the houses are in form of villa, social interactions are more than other places in the distract, it was found that at some points in the district about 4-6% gathered together creating a forum, and with the quests that we designed, we realize this fact that the average age of all is about 40-50. Primarily these who are the first residents of distract and know each other. we observed in some parts of the district that there were people who only greeting with each other for communication. and in part of it were people with no communication even people who residents in same building.

People with these reasons: 1. these people were just com in this district or the new residents of district. 2. people who don't have any interaction in their apartment and social interaction is not seen in their behavior with the people of district.

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