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Introduction

如何on refers to a biological process in which organically bound nutrients released in the form of free ions into the soil solution. Plants take up these nutrients from the soil, use them for metabolic process and return the nutrients through litter fall. Litter decomposition influence the nutrient dynamics of an ecosystem and serve as one of the input of nutrients in the forest ecosystem. It is estimated in a study that about 69-87% of the total annual requirement of essential elements in forest plants is fulfilled by the litter decomposition. Therefore, litter decomposition contributes a significant role in the nutrient budgeting of forest as well as in agroecosystem where vegetation depends primarily on the recycling of plant detritus for nutrients requirment.¹Physical factors (temperature and soil moisture etc) influence the rate of decomposition significantly. The process of decomposition slows down or nearly restricted in a very dry soil due to the low population of microbes (because the fungi and bacteria dry out).

Other than this, the food source (i.e. decomposing leaves) of microbial decomposers is one of the controlling factor which influence the rate of decomposition,^2,3basically nutrient-rich leaves (high quality leaves: alder) decomposed faster than nutrient deficit leaves(low quality leaves: conifer needle). Decomposition process plays an important role in soil fertility in terms of nutrient cycling and formation of soil organic matter.^4,5,6Other than this, litter cover also act as a protective layer by buffering changes in soil water content,⁷temperature,⁸hindering erosion⁹and soil compaction.¹⁰

Oak species presume significant conservation in the Himalayan region as provided numerous ecosystem services.^11,12Oaks, particularlyQ. leucotrichophoraandQ. floribundaassociated not only with agro-ecosystems but serve as the life support systems of inhabitants in hills of the Himalaya.^13,14Oak forests are the source of fuel, timber and can be interrelated with natural springs and wildlife.^14,15In view of this, as oak is a key stone species and serve as the multipurpose tree in the Central Himalayan forest, present study was carried out with the major objectives (i) to evaluate the weight loss pattern of ecomposing leaf litter of two Himalayan Oak species (i.e.Q. leucotrichophoraA. Camus.ex Bohadur andQ. floribundaLindl. ex Rehder) and (ii) to correlate weight loss pattern with different parameters.

Materials and Methods

Study Site, Climate and Soil

The present study conducted in Nainital The present study conducted in Nainital (29°23’N 79°27’E29.38°N 79.45°E) at an altitude of 2,084 m (6,837 ft) asl. Study area was dominated by natural oak forest as in the Indian Central Himalaya, generally one and two species of oak dominated forest, hence dominant types are easily recognizable.¹⁶These areQ. leucotrichophoraforest which covers extensive areas in lower elevation (1,000-2100 m),Q. floribundaforest are distributed in the limited areas between 1,800-2,400 m.

The site is further divided into two sub sites; the first site situated near to Botany department in DSB Campus (altitude 2,084 m), Nainital, considered as site-1, dominated withQuercus leucotrichophoraA. Camus.,Quercus. floribunda Lindl., Cedrus deodara(Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don,Acer oblongumWall.,Cornus capitalawall. and李属ceresoidesD. Don while the other site-2 was at the forest of Kailakhan (altitude 1800-1950 m) (Nainital) and was dominated withQuercus leucotrichophoraA. Camus.,Quercus. floribunda Lindl, Cedrus deodara(Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don,Lyonia ovalifolia(Wallichi.) Drude,Myrica esculentaBuch.-Ham.,Cupressus torulosaD. Don andRhododendron arboreumSmith.

Climate is monsoonal temperate and characterized by discernible seasonality. The whole year can be divided into three marked seasons: summer (Mid-March-mid June), rainy (mid June-September) and winter (November-February). October compose the intermediary between rainy and winter seasons. Average maximum temperature fluctuated between 15^oC in January to 27^oC in May and mean monthly minimum from 2^oC in January to 15^oC in June. Total rainfall was about 2315 mm of which nearly 83% occurs during rainy season from monsoon. Mean monthly relative humidity ranged from 92% and was maximum in September and minimum in December. The months of June to September constitute for the yearly showers and from December to February Nainital engulfed by snow. Meteorological data of the study year is given in figure 1.

土壤研究的网站was black in color, loam in texture, moderate in nutrients and slightly acidic in nature. The average soil temperature of the site was 15°C-17°C in summer and in winter it varies from 5°C to 8°C.

Figure 1: Meteorological data during the study period (2012-2013) (Source: ARIES, Nainital) Click here to View figure

Experimental Design

Characteristics of Experimental Leaf

All the Himalayan oaks are evergreen with lifespan of about one year, sclerophyllous with specific leaf mass exceeding 130 g/m²and their size class varies from microphyll to misophyll.¹⁷Among the Himalayan oaks, the leaf ofQ. floribundahas spinose leaves having green on both dorsal and ventral surface whileQ. leucotrichophorahave dentate margin in the upper half and entire in the lower half, contain silvery white colour in the ventral surface.¹⁸The colour of the leaves also changed with the age, for example, the leaves ofQ. leucotrichophoraappears reddish brown when young and turn green when mature. In contrast, the young leaves ofQ. floribundado not contain any extra coloured pigments other than the chlorophyll. The young leaf ofQ. leucotrichophorahas a thick wax layer to check the transpiration because stomata control is not yet developed.¹⁷

Experimental Setup

First of all, mature, nearly senesced but attached leaves ofQ. leucotrichophoraandQ. floribundafrom the study site were collected after the leaf fall and brought to the laboratory. Flatten the leaves in newspaper and dry them in at room temperature for 24-48 hours. Litter bag (Nylon litter bags) technique was used to measure decomposition rates. Litter bags were prepared having the size of 20 x 20 cm with 1 mm mesh size in order to minimize artificial litter loss from the bags. 10 gm (initial weight) of air dried leaf of each species were kept in litter bag, separately. Mesh size of 1 mm was sufficient to permit movement of micro-organisms, which are the predominant litter feeders.¹⁹Oven drying method was used to determine the moisture content of the litter. A total of 36 litter bags (3 sub-sample bags for a month) for each species were placed in each forest site. Litters bags were buried into the soil separately for each species in such a way that bags were kept in contact with soil and not to be disturbed as much as possible.

Three litter bags of each species recovered randomly at every 30 days intervals for 12 months at each location. Rebuff all external impurities and slide the sample bags into a separate bag for bring back to the laboratory. The recovered residual materials were washed carefully with tap water to remove all adhere surface impurities and also the soil particles, then dried the residual at 60^oC-80^oC in oven to constant and weighed.

Calculation

The decomposition rate computed through the 6 replicates (3 replicate for each site) of each species. The average value was used for the further analysis.

Litter Mass Loss and Decay Rate Coefficient

Litter mass loss was expressed as the % remaining after in a given time and was calculated as:

%R= W (t_x) / W (t_i) x100

Where W (t_x) is the dry weight (g) of the leaf material remaining after time (t_x), and W (t_i) is the initial weight (Peterson).²⁰

Decay Rate Coefficient (k)

was calculated as:-k= ln (%R/ 100) /t

Where, t is the time in days (Peterson).²⁰

Results and Discussion

Weight Loss Pattern

Loss of dry matter in decomposition was measured at monthly interval during one year (July 2012-June 2013) of the study period.Q. leucotrichophorahad shown an average of 60.15% weight loss within 365 days on both the sites. The maximum (16.7% of the original litter mass) decomposition of the litter has been observed after the first month of the study period and the minimum was observed in the month of December-January (1.85%). The relationship between days elapsed and % weight loss for this species is given in figure 2.

Figure 2: Leaf litter decomposition pattern in Q. leucotrichophora Click here to View figure

During entire course of study, the average rate of litter decomposition inQ. leucotrichophora获得了60.15%的网站。如何on rate of leaf litter gradually decreased with the increase of time. As the time move on the process of decomposition was also slow down at both the sites. The statement is supported by a study proclaimed that two phases recognized in the process of decomposition: Decomposition during the first phase proceed rapidly because molecules of starch and amino acids easily break down and transfer the more soluble compounds to the soil as C and N which progressively mineralized or immobilized while the second stage follow relatively slower because humification of lignin and cellulose is complex and time taking²¹.

Figure 3: Leaf litter decomposition pattern inQ. floribunda Click here to View figure

Table 1: Comparative study of leaf litter decomposition in oak and other plant species Click here to View table

The decay rate coefficient and relative decomposition rate for both species of oak is given in the table 2. Decay rate coefficient rate ranged from 0.0596- 0.0014 forQ. leucotrichophorawhile it varies from 0.0558 to 0.0013 forQ. floribunda. The monthly relative decomposition rate (RDR) ranged between 0.0598-0.0014 g/g/day and 0.0208-0.0050 g/g/day forQ. leucotrichophoraandQ. floribunda, respectively. The decomposition rate was greater during the rainy season, possibly due to the pronounced activities of microbes under the favorable conditions of temperature, moisture and rainfall.²²Several studies shown highest disappearance rate of 36-53% during rainy season and 15-26% in winter.²³The Correlation between decomposition rate and different parameters is given in table 3 and showed negative correlation with the days elapsed and significant positive correlation with the rainfall and the soil temperature.

Table 2: Decay rate coefficient (k) and Relative decomposition rate (g/g/d) of oak species

Table 3: Pearson correlation between decomposition rate and different parameters

Conclusions

This study concluded that the weight loss continued throughout the study period and relatively higher weight loss occurred within 60 days after the placement of litter bags. The rate of decomposition at monthly interval showed the different pattern for the different species. Among these two species, higher weight loss observed inQ. floribundaas compared to instead of inQ. leucotrichophoraacross both the sites. It was also concluded that the rate of decomposition also influenced by the physical factors and climatic conditions. Comparatively faster weight loss occurred during the rainy season (33-36%) while reached in its minimum during winter (11-9%).

Further, the natural forests are enrich in diversity of litter and the litter of many species intermingled with each other on the ground in natural way. So a detail study is needed to know the decomposition rate of all those species and their role in soil fertility to determine the nutrient dynamics in the forest.

Acknowledgment

The authors are highly thankful to Prof. S.S. Bargali, Department of botany, DSB Campus, Nainital, for review this paper. We are also thankful to University Grant Commission (Basic Science and Research) fellowship, New Delhi, for financial support.

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