Introduction Nowadays, climate change has been universally recognized as a global problem. The emissions are increasing rapidly and in tandem with the growth of economy especially in the developing country. Climate change and sustainable development have been addressed separately in both research and policy (Vijaya Venkata Raman et al., 2012) nevertheless, there are strong linkages between the two, and the relationship is an emerging issue regionally and globally. It involved a broad range of

Introducion Heavy metal contamination is of concern due to release of metals in the environment by numerous factors like the industrial activities and in agricultural soils due to use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides (Roth, et. al., 2012). Cadmium (Cd) in one of the heavy metals which is most mobile and bioavailable and is of high concern for its ecotoxicity. This has been demonstrated in various studies showing impact of Cd contamination on soil, groundwater, ecosystems

Introduction Improved wood stoves have the potential to produce a significant impact on the rural economy, quality of life, indoor air quality, afforestation and global warming since more than half of the global human population depends on firewood for their cooking energy needs. These stoves were introduced in many developing countries with more stress on rural households and rural based commercial applications. Michael Johnson et al.1 gave a complete picture of the biomass stove programs in

Introduction Water quality modeling has been shown to be a useful tool in strategic water quality management (Fan et al. 2009). The literature contains very few studies on the water quality modeling for small rivers, and such studies as have been published are fairly limited in scope (Giorgio M., Gaspare V. 2010) and especially for the arid and semi-arid areas. The aim of models self-purification is predict, at the space-time forecast, the effects of an organic matter rejection on the diss

Introduction The disastrous health effects of air pollution are well documented now in the epidemiological literature. High levels of ambient air pollution have been linked with diseases such as asthma, headache, blood pressure, cancer, heart diseases, bronchitis etc. This is an externality which inflicts a heavy monetary loss to the individual in term of increased health cost and a loss of productivity. Besides, it has direct bearing on the public exchequer in term of increased public sector

Introduction In all solution environments bare metal ions are in continuous search of a partner. The environment of interest is water where in all metals; cations are hydrated to form aquo complexes (Cohen Shanes,2001).Water analysis is very challenging due to the low concentrations of elements so they are susceptible to enter element interference and matrix effect (N. Kahraman and Fahrunisia, 1976). There are some 1.5 × 109 km3 of water on the surface of the Earth. Of this 98.3

Introduction The antimicrobial activity of the silver ions was first identified in the 19th century, and colloidal silver was accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being an effective for wound management in the 1920s.1,2 The antibacterial effects of Ag- salts have been noticed since antiquity.3 Silver is an antifungal and antibacterial agent for antibiotic resistant microbes,4 it has beneficial healing and anti-disease properties,5 and it

Introduction Mechanization is the essential prerequisite for transition from traditional to modern agriculture. Obviously, the traditional methods can not guarantee the food security for growing 70-million-people population. Nowadays, the key role of mechanization in agriculture production motivates policy makers to accelerate the mechanization process in agriculture sector. Hence, mechanization is constantly addressed by planners of agricultural sector in their strategic plans. In order t

Introduction Desertification is one of the most drastic problems in many countries (UNCCD, 2008). This phenomenon resulted by process set in vulnerable environments. Arid and semi-arid natural vegetation resources exploitation causes soil erosion that has led to desertification (Mainguet and Letolle, 1998). Source area wind erosion leads to dust storm emission (Gillette et al., 1980). Loss of vegetative ground cover is the first sight might appear to be desertification. For identification

Introduction Perception is a phenomenon that is very difficult to measure whether it is a qualitative or quantitative research (Wan Nur’ashiqin, 2013). Because of that, validation of the measuring instrument is very important for any study involved. Rasch measurement model consists of a set of instructions to meet the needs and requirements of scientific measurement which shall be applied in the social science research (Bond, 2003). With the application of this measurement model, th

Introduction Water is one of the most important chemical compounds for the human and life in general. In a pure quantitative aspect, water covers approximately the 71 % of the terrestrial surface and the live matter includes soaring composition percentages of that substance, form to a qualitative standpoint, all the life forms needs an important amount of water to perform their biological functions, such as of the nutrition and excretion of the live beings are based thereon.1 Actuall

Introduction Pakistan is prolific and hunky-dory when accounts for agricultural acclimation due to adequate modus operandi. Apropos irrigation and cultivation perspective, 22Mha out of 80Mha is devoted for agricultural purposes. Amidst assertion and speculations, cultivation region accrue over last three decades as the harvesting region flourished from 16.62Mha to 22.15Mha since 1971 to 2003 but due to explicit increment in population, per capita land availability has been descended.1&nbs

Introduction Iran has 22 thousand kilometers of gas pipeline and has the longest gas and oil pipelines in the Middle East.it also  has the third largest consumption of natural gas in the world after United States and Russia. At present, Iran is producing only a small share of its gas reserves, about 5.5 trillion cubic feet (160 billion cubic meters) per year. This means that Iran is one of the few countries capable of supplying much larger amounts of natural gas in

Introduction Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have shown great potentials in medical, industrial and environmental applications.1-7 Because of the electrical origin of the live and existence of all cells and living creatures, EMFs can interact with all living cells so that can modulate their functions. These modulations in appropriate conditions can have useful outcomes such as treatment or inducing the desire characteristics in different compounds. Water is a crucial source for life on

Introduction Indigenous communities around the world are a great source of advancement in health care for humanity (Basak et al. 2010; Muthu et al. 2006; Makkar et al. 2007). Ethnobotany compliments ethnopharmacological practices which have enhancing effect on advancement of modern medicine used to treat most pressing medical issues faced by the humanity today (Sheng-Ji 2001). Berberis is one of the important medicinal plant used as a very common ingredient in herbal medication systems viz; E

Introduction Tanning industry is considered to be a major source of pollution and tannery wastewater in particular, is a potential environmental concern.1 The wastewater emanating from tanneries is characterized by a strong color and is heavily polluted with high COD and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and inorganic impurities (sodium, calcium, nitrate, ammonia, sulfide, and chloride), dissolved and suspended solids, and other specific pollutants such as vegetable and/or synthetic ta

Introduction Anthropogenic disturbance like agriculture are now getting more intensive in the Indian Himalayas to meet the demand for food and fodder. Indian Himalayan region required more nutrient inputs, which consequently leads to decline in organic matter of soil. Agricultural inputs through chemical fertilizers and pesticides adversely affect the ecosystem (Yang et al., 2000). Microbes are very sensitive to changing environmental conditions and so are the efficient functional indicators

Introduction The importance of water was realized as far as back as 640-546 B.C. as a means of substance of life, which was expressed in the Greek Philosophers, “Thales of Miletus” Cryptic saying “Water is best”. The extensive work of Forel (1901)(59) who is regarded as the father of modern limnology gave an impetus to study this subject intensively. Fritsch (1888)(61)established the first mobile biological station to study the various lakes, and with t

Introduction One of the most important demographic phenomena of economic and industrial development of every country is the rapid growth of cities and urban population (Isazadeh and Mehranfar,2012). Population growth typically accompanies by environmental degradation such as soil erosion, desertification and deforestation(Gharakhluo et al., 2013).Cities consume three quarters of the energy produced in the world, and are the reason of about three quarters of world`s pollution (Jomepour et al.,

Introduction Total natural rubber cultivation in India wasca 0.74 million ha till 2012. According to Rubber Board of India (RBI),1 India now occupies the first rank in terms of productivity, which are presently at 1819 kg/ha.2 NR is used as raw material in the production of 35,000 items of industrial importance in India, 50% of total NR consume by automobile industry.

导语世界上广泛的地区受到有机和无机污染物的污染，包括重金属污染物。有机污染物包括溶剂如三氯乙烯(TCE)，2除草剂，阿特拉津等。无机污染物包括植物常量营养素如硝酸盐和磷酸盐，微量营养素如Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni和Zn以及非必需元素as, Cd, Co, F, Hg, Se, Pb, V和放射性核素238 U。137cs和90Sr.4  increase

Introduction Indiscriminate deforestation in tropical world has become a major cause of increased carbon dioxide concentration in our atmosphere, It was eported that the global average of the gross emission rate of tropical deforestation was 2.9 petagrams of carbon (Pg C y–1) from 1990 to 2007 and that tropical regrowth forests were partially compensated for by a carbon sink of 1.6 Pg C y–1 within an area of 557 Mha.1,2 For combating this series environmental issu

Introduction  Environmental pollution nowadays is a big concern. Anthropogenic activities like mining, industry and agriculture have altered the environment significantly throughout the Earth. Trace element have great significance due to their tendency to accumulate in the vital human organs over prolong period of time. Injury to vegetation caused by trace metal has been well recognized because of many botanical and chemical investigations during past 100 years. More than 60 elements

Introduction Development and implementation of green productivity management in any public or private entity will present some environmental, social and economic achievements, so outputs, products and resources ought to increase and costs ought to reduce to increase productivity in country’s economic and social development plan in accordance to Iran’s constitution. On the other hand, while resource conservation is emphasized in green management, environmental and social co

Introduction  Groundwater may be considered as one of the most precious and one of the basic needs for human existence and the survival of mankind providing him the luxuries and comforts in addition to fulfilling his basic necessities of life. Groundwater forms the major source of water supply for drinking purposes in most parts of India. It accounts for about 88% safe drinking water in rural areas, where the population is widely dispersed and the infrastructure needed for treatment

Introduction The largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry is the “electronic industry” due to the tremendous growth in the field of information technology all over the world. All electronic and electrical items such as computers, televisions, mobile phones etc. on completion of their useful life, are being discarded rapidly and contribute to the huge quantum of e-waste(Robinson, 2009). The generation of this e-wastehas grown manifold in the last two decades and w

Introduction Water is a natural resource that sustains the necessary needs of all living creatures. It is not only for drinking and it plays a vital role in various sectors as in the form of an essential Engineering material. It is required for sustaining all forms of life, food production, economic development of industry and agriculture The main resource of fresh water is the ground water,1 which is commonly used for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes. Ground water is

Introduction  Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Water is the basic and primary need of all vital life processes and it is now well established that the life first arose in aquatic environments. Ever since the pre-historic times man has been intimately associated with water, and the evidences of past civilization that all historic human settlements were around inland freshwater recourses has conclusively proved it. Water is the basis of life, a univer

Introduction Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.1 It covers 71% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life.But only 2.5% of the Earth's water is fresh water.Rapid urbanization and industrialization releases enormous volumes of wastewater, which is increasingly utilized as a valuable resource for irrigation in urban and per

Introduction Water is called matrix of life because it is an essential part of all living systems and is the medium from which life evolved and in which life exists.1 It is well known that human health and survival depends upon use of uncontaminated and clean water for drinking and other purposes. Groundwater is a good source of fresh water available on the earth, due to its relatively low susceptibility to pollution in comparison to surface water and its large storage capacity. It i

Introduction Mine industries have an extensive diversity of process connecting with working with chemicals. The state of these chemicals contributes to threat like explosion, problems of human health when these chemicals are beyond their tolerance limit. Air pollution is also the major cause for many premature deaths.1 Inside underground mines different gases are present there. Certain huge amount  of toxic risky chemicals which are always present in underground mines, it is

Introduction In half of the twentieth century, environmental aesthetics related theoretical subjects and understanding the beauty of natural and artificial environments around human being were addressed more than ever. Paying attention to this approach was a response to analytical aesthetic attitude towards understanding and perceptualization of the environment which argued that aesthetics and understanding natural and artificial environment around men are unimportant, subjective, and non-aes

Introduction Regionalization is generally used in hydrology for transferring hydrological information from basins with statistical data to ungauged basins also the developed regional model can be successfully used for the estimation of the flow duration curves at ungauged sites (E.A. Baltas, 2012). Data transfer can be done more efficiently by dividing the region into homogeneous areas. Homogeneity of the different aspects is determined to create hydrologic homogeneous regions in the hydrol

Introduction Changes in biodiversity in general and plant biodiversity (plant species) in particular are being influenced by environmental factors; regardless of climate change which its consequences will be apparent over a long timescale. Such impressibility has long been a subject of interest to scholars, experts and researchers in the field of biodiversity. Declining biodiversity of plant species is affected by environmental factors especially soil and water parameters interacting with ot

Introduction The presence of metals in aquatic ecosystems originates from the natural interactions between the water, sediments and atmosphere (Kalay and Canil, 2000; Sankar et al. 2006). Heavy metals may enter an aquatic ecosystem from different natural and anthropogenic sources, including industrial or domestic sewage, storm runoff, leaching from landfills, shipping and harbor activities and atmospheric deposits (Nair et al. 2006). The contamination of heavy metals in the various parts of o

Introduction Today water is one of the most important factors in the growth and prosperity of human society (Ghasemzadeh et al. 2007). However, only one percent of the available water resources in the earth is drinking water that 98 percent of its is ground water (Jafari. 2008). In addition, 50% of the world's population supplies drinking water from ground water that this value is higher in Iran (Alizadeh, 2007). On the other hand, 65% of Iran is arid and semi-arid and the annual rain

Introduction Worldwide increasing energy demand anddecreasing fossil reservoir led to the resurgence in development of alternative fuel, which must be renewable and environmental friendly. Unlike fossil fuel, ethanol is renewable energy source produced through fermentation of sugar. Ethanol can be produced from variety of biomass and among various biomasses; lignocellulosic biomass source is plentiful and economical resource that can serve as source of ethanol production at large scale.1&

Introduction Freshwater Aquaculture contributes to poverty alleviation and an employment source to millions of people, both in the sector itself as well as in support services. The practice of aquaculture is farming of aquatic organisms including fish, prawn, commercially important aquatic plants and poly culture.  Community based aquaculture is identified as a proven practice towards satisfying community needs in using water resources effectively and to provide protein source for co

引言由于氟化物的高反应性，在自然界中不以元素态存在。它要么以无机氟化物(包括游离阴离子F)的形式存在，要么以有机氟化物的形式存在。在全球环境中，无机氟化物比有机氟化物丰富得多。Natural sources of inorganic fluorides are weathering, volcanoes activity and marine aerosols. WHO and ISO 10500 recommend that the fluoride content in drinking water should be in the range of 1.0-1.

Introduction Berhampur, one of the largest city of Odisha nick name silk city is located in eastern coast line of Ganjam district, Odisha, India. It is situated in between 19Ëš58’E Latitude and 84Ëš5’`N Longitude. The city is grown into Municipal Corporation which consists of 40 wards and population of about four lacks. This city is situated about 15 km away from Bay of Bengal which makes the city condition extremely humid. The maximum temperature during summer season

Introduction In many forest ecosystems, herbaceous vegetation is key strata and share to largest proportion of species diversity. The changes in herb layer occurred with topographic heterogeneity and biotic disturbances and harbor the majority of plant diversity in deciduous forests ecosystem.1,2 Any kind of disturbances resulted to degradation of habitats, especially herbaceous vegetation, which is essential for regulating nutrient cycling as well as ecological balance. The herbaceo

Introduction A huge amount of plant and animal origin organic wastes are being generated daily throughout the world whose management is very difficult because improper management will produces foul odor and pollutants which causes an ill effect on health of living beings. Nature put microorganisms in almost everywhere which has potential to degrade them and utilize for their growth. Some microorganisms are aerobic whereas some are anaerobic and it was found by research that anaerobic digestio

Introduction The Sidhi District is situated on the North-eastern boundary of the Madhya Pradesh State, India which lies over a transitional area between the Indo-Gangetic plain in the north and the Deccan plateau in the south and the remotest district of Madhya Pradesh. Soil is one of the important and valuable resources of the nature. All living things are directly and indirectly dependent on soil for day to day needs and 95 % of the human food is derived from the earth. Making plan for havi

Introduction India is the land of agriculture; it may sound like cliché for many of us. But it’s also true that Agriculture as an occupation is the main source of livelihood among the rural community from the pre-historic time and still approximately 50 percent of our population is directly dependent on agriculture.1 But, the recent trends in agriculture and allied sectors are showing some depressing pictures in agriculture and that is a threat to our “

Introduction Recent decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the applications of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in different domains including therapeutic and diagnostic medicine, environmental managements and industrial procedures.1-7 Magnetic water treatment (MWT) is one these applications with promising potentials in health, industry and environment. Water is a crucial source for life and any living creature needs it to hydrate every cell. Long term and frequent droughts and

Introduction From the 1970 s, changes in programs, urban policies and practices implemented a new concept of policies and practices within the cities. In this period, more scholars, writers and urban planners spoke about the reinvention and originality of the historical contexts. (Madani Pur, 2007). Based on a systematic view, by focusing on the historic cores of the cities enjoying the maximum capacity and background in urban life, cities and urban areas can be transformed into a competitive

Introduction In Teleost the level of glucose and protein is an indicator of stress in fishes. The major source of blood glucose is liver glycogen. The level ofurea in blood indicates the degree of damage to kidney and utilization of protein in the body.   Aflatoxin is the metabolic by product of molds Aspergillus flavus  and Aspergillus parasiticus on a variety of food such as cotton seed, corn, wheat, milk, fish meal etc.It is a toxic compound, a potent immunosuppr