Introduction Continuous monitoring and acquisition of knowledge of air pollutants are required not only to assess the air quality in a given location but also to understand and address several environmental issues. Air pollution is one issue of growing environmental concern because of its known adverse human health effects.1,2 Globally every year, 4.6 million people die because of exposure to high level of air pollutants.3 The correlations between exposure to air pollutants

Introduction The impact of climate change on water resources is the subject of much research and debate, with other factors such as over population also influencing the availability of water resources. Drinking water is essential for life. Of concern, is how access to drinkable water will impact on humans. The majority of people on Earth will experience severe pressure with regards to fresh water availability as a consequence of climate change.1 Factors such as climate chang

Introduction Energy sector is the backbone of Malaysia’s economic development striving for high income developed nation, inclusiveness and sustainability by 2020 (KeTTHA 2009; MNRE, 2009; NEAC, 2010a; 2010b). Energy isan essential element for social and economic growth (Haw et al., 2006) and economic competitiveness requires sustainable energy production and consumption (MNRE, 2010). Malaysia’s Green Technology Policy has recognised energy sector as one of the four pillars

Introduction Mercury utilizing in golden mining could produce waste, which contains mercury and causes environment pollution. Mercury belongs to heavy metal which is toxic to living creatures. Mercury can attack the arrangement of central nervous and causes memory loss, tremors and decreases motion capability. Poisoning causing destruction of a fetus has been detected. Minimata desease in Japan is the example of mercury poisoning.1,2 Mercury as a pollutant in the environment need attention

Introduction 17.2 million People in Kenya who constitute about 43 percent of the population have no access clean water. The major factors contributing to this water crisis include rapid population growth, droughts, forest degradation, poor management of water supply and water contamination. This water crisis may worsen as industrial development and population grows as projected if drastic measures are not taken immediately. The water hyacinth menace has further complicated the issue by not on

Introduction Heavy wind is known to alter the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, agro-forestry systems and plantations. The intensity and frequency of severe wind events are likely to increase deterioration to the forests. It is important to understand the species and substrate-specific effects of these disturbances. The immediate impacts of tropical cyclones – defoliation, limb loss, snapping of stems and uprooting of trees – have profound impacts on tropical

Introduction The demand for water has been on the increase because its uses have become more varied.Water is indispensable in man’s activities. The sources of water for usage include river, stream, lakes, ponds, rain water and groundwater such as spring water, well water, boreholes etc. In the Northern part of Nigeria, subject to the arid conditions, there has been tremendous progress in irrigation development programmes (Ahmed and Tanko, 2000). Benue State is located in the North C

Introduction Brewery industry wastewater contains organic waste with pollution levels depend on the beer production process and capacity of water consumption during the process (Olafadehan and Aribike, 2000; Driessen and Vereijken, 2003). One of the wastewater treatment system which is interesting to be developed is a biological treatment using microorganisms. Biological treatment system is suitable for handling beer wastewater containing dissolved and suspended organic matter. This system us

Introduction Arsenic compounds are common contaminants in the environment. Because of arsenic toxicity and inducedcarc inogenetic agents(Eblin et al.,2006; Hughes.,2002), higher arsenic concentration in the environment represents serious problems for human health, especially for populations in Bangladesh, Western Bengal, Vietnam,China, Mexico and Chile. The danger of elevated arsenic concentration in waters in these countries was under lined by WHO, which estimated the recommended limit for a

Introduction Today, all nations came to the conclusion that due to the need to communicate community groups with each other and social interaction, and the right of presence of all people in all urban areas, it is necessary keep justice in the design and planning of urban spaces. Activities and human behavior in urban spaces are shaped by social and cultural relations with other human beings in this area, so, the realm of justice for all age groups, sex, race, etc., are an important issue. It

Introduction City is alive, dynamic and in growing. Cities are growing with several factors associated with an increased population and develop with more important factors including resources. The population growth of cities and urban areas require new structural elements, tailored to the needs of the Iranian urban population in recent decades because of industrialization and modernity with nostalgia modeling of Western society. This phenomenon can be seen as a more acute in metropolitan Tehr

Introduction Mankind from the beginning until now has been grappling with a variety of natural events and have grown between threat sand often irreversible damage have entered because of crisis caused by the invasions on human society. In all countries,especially developing countries, the in creasing pace of urbanization continues and it is as a threat to the irhigh damage in the even to fnatural disasters or invasions.Uncontrolled growth of urban population without coordination with the deve

Introduction The most common heavy metal contaminations found in nature were Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Ni. Environmental pollution by these heavy metals has become extensive due to industrial activities and when they go in elevated level in the environment, they are excessively absorbed by roots and translocated to shoot, leading to impaired metabolism and reduced growth. Heavy metal contamination in soil results in decreased soil microbial activity, soil fertility and yield losses. Cad

Introduction Mole drainage is a temporary method of drainage. There maximum life of Mole drainage is 10- 30 years. Mole drainage alone, on the hand, usually offers a good solution to drainage problems in most clayed soils. Soil loosening by deep ploughing or subsoilingto improve hydraulic conductivity is only justified in situation where mole drainage would be unsuccessful. Drainage is a big problem in vertisolsspecially in the area having rainfall. There are several drainage technologies ava

Introduction Water is a necessary element for endurance of living on earth, which contains minerals, essential for humans as well as for earth and aquatic life.1 The availability of good quality water is a necessary feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life.2 Lakes have long been at the center of human attention. Lakes and surface water reservoirs are the planet’s most important freshwater resources and provide numerous benefits. They are used f

Introduction Climate signals observed over India in the last 100 years show an increasing trend in surface temperature by 0.3°C, a change in the spatial and temporal pattern of rainfall with respect to normal and occurrence of more intense and frequent extreme temperatures.  Climate change has been attributed to alteration in the composition of the global atmosphere due to the growing greenhouse gas emissions on account of the growing human activities and this is in addition

Introduction Water is very essential for living beings, and fresh water is finite entity. For managerial point of view, it is very necessary to develop the plan for future perspectives. According to Brundtland Commission's report (Commission and Commission, 1987): Sustainable development means that "development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Sustainability is depends upon t

Introduction Land cover refers to surface cover on ground which includes vegetation, settlements, water base soil etc. Delineating and mapping land cover is important for global monitoring system, resource management and planning activities. Identification of land cover provides the baseline from which monitoring activities (change detection) can be performed, and provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps. Coastal areas, being favourable on biophysical and climatic cond

Introduction Water is the prime requirement for the existence of life and thus it has been man’s endeavor for the time immemorial to utilize the available resources. Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid from or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or stream. Watercovers 71 % of the earth’

Introduction Urban area, with placing the center of the city neighborhoods, as the smallest components inside the city, for achieving optimal management ways of urban communities, are of urban priority programs for the planners. Since, in the division of the city space, urban neighborhoods, are of the smallest organized spaces, so, local communities in cities are the best foci and the workshop of participatory planning and management. Among other categories of institutional, town space, have

Introduction Geotourism is a branch of tourism as a new term recently used in tourism campaign of countries. Wherever one goes is on the earth, every part of the earth has its geological unique attractions, referring to the tourism based on geologic resources. Geotourism formation in the second half of the twentieth century is a new type of human activities associated with nature and its exploitation. The practical aspects of Geosciences in relation to tourism have resulted in formation of te

Introduction By the urbanism expansion and population increases, one of the most important topics is the optimum management of produced residue. Today, in addition to the rapid growth of urbanism, increasing in income level and welfare of the society and rapid economic and social growth in countries, which cause quantity changes in waste production, changes in consumption patterns has led to quality changes. Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is a term that is used for all of the activi

Introduction Pseudomonas is a genus of gram negative, nonspore forming, rod-shaped bacteria. They are commonly found in soil, water and decaying matter and including some species that are plant and animal pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a typical example of double assessment; in a clinical environment, it is one of the most significant  opportunistic  pathogenic bacteria and is responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections.1 However, in the fie

Introduction Tourism is the main factor for sustainable development in the economic, social, cultural and environmental levels (Papoli Yazdi & Saqaei, 2006). Recently, tourism industry has found a wide approach to ecotourism. By its inherent objectives, that is environment protection, commitment to local communities and respect for cultural characteristics of the host community, Ecotourism is a plan option with most consistency with the concept of sustainable development (Ghazi &a

Introduction The pattern of land use leading in villages has being provided by various guidelines and within their framework of physical development. But it has been affected by the mutual relations (metropolis and village) in villages around metropolises, and the development pattern of land use of such villages will be influenced by metropolises. Therefore, the expansion of city of Rasht, as well as many metropolises, has being made to create full domain changes in different fields of su

Introduction There are two views on the concept of form. The first one looks at form versus content. Based on this old point of view, form or aspect is the shape and content is the performance of a phenomenon. On the other hand, according to the second perspective, form represents the aspect, structure, and the way content is developed, visualized, and expressed. From this standpoint, aesthetics is defined as emotional, obvious, and sensory presentation of a phenomenon which exposes itself to

Introduction In developing countries the problem of indoor air pollution is increasing at an alarming rate. In rural areas of India, the most important indoor air pollutants are combustion products of unprocessed solid biomass fuels used by the poor rural folk for domestic cooking (ICMR Bulletin, 2001). Approximately half of the world’s population and up to 90% of rural households in developing countries still rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, dung and crop residues (B

Introduction  Coal  is a predominantsource of global energy; at present in India it is major source of electrical energy in thermal power plants, which produce 175 milliontonnes per year fly  ash, which would require about 40,000 hectares of land for the construction of ash ponds (Lalet al., 2012). Fly ash an amorphous ferroalumino silicate,  Physically fly ash occurs as fine particles (60-70%) with a size below 0.075mm is a byproduct of pulverized coal fir

Introduction The wastewater pollutants are harmful to environment and public health.The biological decomposition of organics could result in fish kills and foul odours. Waterborne diseases are also eliminated through proper wastewater treatment. There are many pollutantsthat could exhibit toxic effects on aquatic life and the public.The wastewater treatment is removal of contaminants from water in order to decrease the possibility of detrimental in part on the ecosystem including humans (Zhan