Introduction China is experiencing rapid urban growth. Mounting population, industrialization, urbanization, and changing life style are resulting in the random generation and disposal of wastewater which in turns pollute the water environment. Nowadays, domestic wastewater has been widely studied by many researchers using different treatment processes, either by application of high-rate aerobic systems,1, 2, 3 or by application of low-rate systems3 and vertical flow constru
..在本研究中，试验了水力停留时间(HRT)和循环比率对厌氧/好氧生物反应器和人工湿地处理生活污水性能的影响。考察了化学需氧量(COD)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3——N)和总磷(TP)的去除率。温度保持在20 ~ 24℃，pH值范围为7.6;8.1.结果表明，当HRT为1.5
时，COD的平均去除率分别为47、68、74、83和85%。Introduction Water quality management is the surface water and groundwater quality control at any time for supplying water at a required quality for a specific use. Long-term strategies for national water resources development in a country is based on water supply, demand management, water reform, compliance with environmental aspects, and finally management of the water consumer’s activities. Identifying and estimating the basic parameters which affect the quality of water resource
..考虑到钠吸附比(SAR)对植物生长的重要意义，其预测对灌溉水质管理至关重要。利用人工神经网络(ANN)对伊朗西北部库尔德斯坦地区Chelghazy河的SAR进行了预报。本研究将人工神经网络的多层感知器(MLP)应用于库尔德斯坦省水务局1998-2009年收集的平均月度数据。MLP的输入参数
..Introduction Atmospheric particles of biological origin are diverse group of microorganisms and their execrations. Airborne microorganisms originate from many sources: animal, human, and vegetation. The number and composition of airborne microorganisms have increased in the urban and rural areas.1 The presence of microorganisms depends on seasonality, geographical conditions, meteorological factors, type of sources,2,3,4 and air pollution.5 Airborne microorganisms m
..采用重力法对麦加市圣清真寺(Al-Haram mosque)主要方向的空气微生物污染进行了采集。细菌、真菌和放线菌的浓度在1470和1470之间。21800 CFU /立方米;各方向分别为44 ~ 572 CFU/m3、0.0 ~ 264 CFU/m3。不同方向细菌浓度差异显著，革兰氏阳性菌占菌株总数的90 ~ 100%。γ变形菌
…Introduction Azraq basin is located in the Northeastern part of Jordan and extends northwards into Syria and southwards into Saudi Arabia. The Azraq Oasis (called locally Sabkhah or Qa’a Azraq) which is located in the central part of the basin is at a distance of about 120 km northeast of Amman. Qa’a Azraq is a relative large mudflat located in the central part of the basin. Two villages are located on the western side of the Qa’a Azraq; these are Azraq Shishan a
..瓦迪拉吉尔集水区被认为是从北部进入阿兹拉克盆地的主要瓦迪斯之一。它是一条未经测量的河流，面积约为3910平方公里。Wadi Rajil流域的年平均降雨量约为126.6毫米。每年4月和5月都会有雷暴，造成该地区大面积洪水。洪水没有得到利用，只有一小部分渗入地下，而其余的大部分仍停留在高原上空。几个月前
..Introduction The rapid increasing population in urban areas led to anthropogenic activities and fossil fuel combustion. Emissions from road traffic that uses fossil fuel, industry, agriculture, sewage sludge, and waste incineration are the chief sources of air pollution.1,2 Air pollutants especially heavy metals are hazardous and toxic to human beings depending on their concentrations in the food stuff.3,4 Presence of airborne heavy metals in vegetable crops above the permi
..莴苣(Lactuca sativa L. cv.)在沙特阿拉伯吉达市，长叶莴苣(Romaine)植物暴露于不同程度的城市化。它们表现出不同程度的可见损伤症状，酶活性、净光合速率(PN)、最大叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)和气孔导度(gs)发生了巨大变化。在工业和城市地区种植的植物上观察到重金属植物毒性的视觉症状，其中金属浓度w
..Introduction Plastics are one of the major parts of municipal waste.1 Most of the studies developed by blending petroleum based polymers with natural biodegradable materials that not only conserved the environment, petroleum reserves and landfills but also decrease the CO2 production and generally culminate to the sustainable development. The biodegradable polymers are the materials that converted in to the natural compounds of water, CO2, methane and other biological component by mi
..研究了马铃薯淀粉对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)的生物降解性。聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐(PE-g-MA)作为相容剂。制备了不同马铃薯淀粉水平(分别为10%、20%、30%和40%)，PE-g-MA含量为5%的样品。在所有样品中增容剂的用量是相同的。用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了马铃薯淀粉含量对共混物热性能的影响。结果显示i
..Introduction Since 2004, with the development of the “Manila Policy Dialogue on Environment and Transport in the Asian Region”, United Nations Centre for Regional Development, UNCRD, in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment of Japan, has sought to create a new paradigm in transport practices for the region. With the assistance of world-leading sustainable transport experts and governmental partners, UNCRD developed the “Aichi Statement” in 2005
..城市的有效可达性和流动性是实现城市可持续发展的基础。今天，在亚洲，汽车和摩托车的无节制增长损害了人类健康、城市环境质量、经济生产力和社会公平。指标和实践表明，高效的公共和非机动交通以及对私人机动车辆的谨慎限制已被证明是有效的，不仅可以减少不可持续交通的负面影响，而且还可以…
Introduction Exposure to arsenic can result in a variety of health problems in humans, including various forms of cancer (e.g. skin, lung, and bladder), cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes. Human encounter arsenic from natural and anthropogenic sources (Henke, 2009). Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) specified that the arsenic contamination in drinking water should be less than 10 µg/l. In case of soils used for agriculture and for other usages, the
..收集了罗伊省王saphung地区金矿附近的土壤和水样，以调查砷浓度。在地下钻5个孔，直到砾石层或基岩，每0.50米深度采集土壤样品。四个钻孔位于金矿所在的集水区内部，而另一个钻孔位于集水区外部。地表水13组，地下水8组
。Introduction Soils are not only a medium for plants to grow or a pool to dispose of undesirable materials, but also a transmitter of many pollutants to surface water, atmosphere and food. Therefore accumulated pollutant in surface soil can be transported to different environmental components. Soil pollutant may threaten the human health not only on hygienic quality food, but also on drinking water. In recent years, environmental problems such as heavy metal pollution have become imp
..通过2012年5月18日至10月14日对家禽粪便和氮磷钾肥料的田间测量，研究了农田锌、铜、镉和铅的排放情况。研究区位于上游农田排水污染了河流水体的15%坡度区域。农田面积10.7公顷，其中0.5公顷在香根草篱下种植木薯。苹果上Cu的平均浓度
.。Introduction The spotted oriental cucumber beetle E.chrysomelina (F.) is an important pest which feeding onmany vegetable crops. It attacks plants specially members of the family Cucurbitaceae like pumpkin, sweet gourd, bittergourd, cucumber, Cucumis mello, Cucurbita pepoand Citrullus lanatus ( Talhoq, 1982 ). According to the Maps of Plant Pests of 1980 and 1990 the spread of E. chrysomelina within the scope of many of the cities of the world. The temperature is the main facto
..紫毛瓢虫(Epilachna chrysomelina)是一种危害农作物的植食性昆虫，具有重要的经济意义。瓜瓢虫是以瓜类植物为食的主要食植物昆虫之一。它被认为是一种农业经济害虫和广泛分布在世界各地的多栖昆虫。这种昆虫在沙特阿拉伯南部地区大量存在，并选择最有利的条件来完成其生命周期。< / p > . .
Introduction Mysore covers the geographical area of 6763.82 Sq Km. The district comprises of 1203 inhabited villages with 236 grama panchayats and 9 townships. Mysore is divided into 7 taluks namely H.D Kote, Hunsur, K.R.Nagar, Mysore city, Nanjangud, Periyapatna and T. Narasipura. Mysore district fall in the survey of India degree sheet nos. 48P, 57H and 58A. The district is situated between north Latitudes 11°45' – 12°40' and east Longitudes 75&
..我们记录了从迈索尔地区不同来源收集的130个样本中地下水、自来水(即溪流、运河、河流)和湖水中不同程度的氟化物。迈索尔是印度最受欢迎的旅游胜地之一。氟化物是水分析的参数之一，它是不可降解的，在环境中持续存在。氟含量测定采用锆基- SPADNS法。氟化物含量从0.2 mg/L到3.0 mg/L不等，其中达尔沃伊湖最高(3.0 ppm)
。Inroduction Groundwater quality assessment is important in order to ensure sustainable safe use of water. Water quality index, based on some very important water quality parameters, can provide a simple indicator of water quality at a certain location and time. Ramakrishnaiah et al., (2009) calculated the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur taluk. Yogendra K et al., (2007) worked out the water quality index of an urban water body, Gopishettykere, in Shimoga Town,
..通过对数据的统计分析，并根据地下水质量的季节性变化，对BIS: 10500-1991标准下地下水的饮用适宜性进行了评价。该研究于2010-2011年进行。这些样本是在季风过后从安得拉邦农村供水和卫生部门监测的井中收集的。研究区域包括Kondapur Mandal，它是Medak Dis的46个Mandal之一。
Introduction Groundwater constitutes about 20 percent of the world's fresh water supply, which is approximately 0.61% of the entire world's water, including oceans and permanent ice. Global groundwater storage is roughly equal to the total amount of freshwater stored in the snow and ice caps, including the north and south poles. In India more than 90% of the rural population and nearly 30% of the urban population depend on groundwater for drinking purpose (NRSA, 2008). Groundw
..古瓦哈蒂市位于独特的地质环境中，有丘陵和山谷的界面，还有一条突出的河流。各种地表水源的存在、地质水文设置和降雨强度对城市地下水状况起着重要作用。然而，在过去的几十年里，城市的快速城市化改变了城市的景观，扰乱了城市的保水能力以及各种地表水的流动动力学。
Introduction Current world environment is increasingly getting polluted with a new entrant called Electronic pollution which is invisible. Extraordinary developments in various fields of science and technology in last few decades have increased the human involvement deeply into the natural environment, its related ecological, biological and physical systems resulting in various undesirable and unintentional negative impacts on human health and environment. Rapid development and usage of elect
..在过去的几十年里，手机的使用以无数的方式改变了现代人的生活，在办公室，在家里，在移动中。然而，电磁场对环境造成了电子污染。尽管最近的研究表明EMF污染可能对几种物种产生有害影响，但没有关于EMF污染对环境影响的长期数据以及由于细胞phop
而在环境中辐射的功率密度。Introduction Heavy metals find their entry into food from natural sources like soil, air and water through wastewater irrigation, solid waste disposal, mining, smelting, sludge applications, vehicular exhaust, fertilizers, fungicides and industrial activities.1 Muhammed et al., 2008).2 Radwan and Salama, 2006). Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure3 Khan et al., 2008). The absorption of heavy metals in the system varie
..工业不加选择地处理废水和在城郊地区将排水渠排出的污水用于灌溉目的，对食品安全构成重大威胁。因此，本研究的主要目的是估计瓦多达拉市周围种植的食物中的重金属含量，并评估研究人群的健康风险。采用原子吸收光谱法测定了40份食品和17份水样的重金属含量。结果表明，平均砷含量
。Introduction Complex electronic chemistry of heavy metals viz.Cr+6, Pb, Cd and Ni have been a major hurdle in unraveling its toxicity mechanism in soil and plants.1 Heavy metal toxicity in plants is observed at multiple levels from reduced yield, through effects on leaf and root growth, to inhibition an enzymatic activities and mutagenesis. The area under present investigation is a large industrial area with two cement plants running for a very long time along the roadside on NH 89.
..在Nokha(Bikaner)，水泥工业向附近农民的田地排放水泥粉尘。在这些工业中，排放的水泥粉尘中含有微量的六价铬和铅，远远超过被调查地区的允许限量。然而，镉和镍却低于规定的限量。为了分析重金属Cr+6、铅、镉和镍，从表面和20 cm深度的四个方向采集了120个样品，用原子吸收分光光度计进行了分析。< / p > . .
Introduction Cd is a non essential heavy metal, mainly used for rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics.1 Cadmium naturally occurs in the aquatic environment, but is of no known biological use and is considered one of the most toxic metals.2 Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pnemonitis, pulmonary edema,3 Itai-itai disease, renal a
..将印度飞刺(Esomus danricus)暴露于亚致死浓度636.3、63.6和6.3 µgl-1的镉环境中28 d，并用血红素-伊红染色光镜观察其肠道组织病理学变化。暴露的鱼表现为重度至轻度浅表粘膜糜烂，固有层致密，慢性炎症细胞浸润和空泡化。随着暴露剂量的增加，观察到影响的严重程度。
Introduction Psoralea corylifolia L. is an important medicinal plant found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It was found to synthesize diverse phenyl propanoids such as furanocoumarins, isoflavonoids etc.1-2 These compounds are mainly used to cure leucoderma, leprosy, psoriasis and inflammatory diseases of skin.3 The review reveals that it possess important activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and an
..通过一系列室内实验研究了补骨脂(Psoralea corylifolia) DCM提取物精油对毛斑虫蛹的杀虫活性。测定杀虫活性在24 ±4°C和68°C;5% r.h.，在黑暗条件下。将植物干燥种子的DCM提取物进行柱层析，然后使用Clevenger型装置进行加氢蒸馏。马< / p > . .
Introduction Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are the ester forms of phosphoric acid usually considered as secure for agriculture uses due to their relatively fast degradation rates.1 Although the degradation of OPs is a linear function of microbial composition, pH, temperature, structural arrangement etc. OPs inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity not only in insects only, but can also affect the nervous system of other organisms as well as humans.1-3 Literature data illustrat
..有机磷农药是磷酸的酯形式，通常被认为是安全的农业用途，因为它们的降解速度相对较快。有机磷农药已广泛应用于农业领域，以防治一些重要经济作物的病虫害。有机磷农药是众所周知的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制剂，不仅在昆虫中，而且还可以影响其他生物的神经系统以及
。Introduction Fruits make important diet for human beings. The high concentration of various sugars, minerals, vitamins and amino acids also provide a good platform for the successful growth and survival of various parasitic and saprophytic forms of fungi (Fatima et al., 2010). Fruits are highly perishable and maintain an active metabolism during the storage phase. During post harvest period diseases can affect the quality of fruits. Post harvest deterioration of fruits may take place in any s
..对卡查尔地区8种地方水果的真菌病害进行了调查，分离出23种导致水果腐败的真菌病原菌。将样品涂于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基上，在28ËšC±2ËšC孵育。结果生长显微镜筛选真菌种类。曲霉是果实贮藏过程中最常见的真菌。其他类;Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus，
..Introduction Herbicides belong to the class of pesticides that are used to control undesirable or noxious plant growth, generally weeds, in the crop production. These are also used in non-crop areas, where it is necessary to limit the plant growth.1 They are, therefore, also called weed killers. Herbicide usage has increased dramatically during the last two decades coinciding with the change in farming practices and increasingly intensive agriculture.2 Herbicides show a wide
..除草剂的使用在过去二十年中急剧增加，与耕作方式的变化和日益集约化的农业相一致。因此，本研究评估了除草剂在德里地下水中的出现情况，即莠去津和西马津除草剂。采用液液萃取，萃取溶剂为二氯甲烷和甲醇。采用紫外检测器高效液相色谱法对提取的除草剂进行分离和定量。Th < / p > . .