Introduction Motor vehicles emit nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter (PM), which constitute a major source of air pollution in large cities. To achieve sustainable development and a sustainable transport we need a tool to evaluate projects related to transportation, with good accuracy and in numerical form. With increasing traffic and the increases in pollutants, Human will be in risk from environmental issues that impacts of th

Introduction The spotted oriental cucumber beetle E. chrysomelina (F.) is a notorious pest feeding on many vegetable crops and attacks its most preferred plants specially members of the family Cucurbitaceae like pumpkin, sweet gourd, bitter gourd, cucumber, Cucumis mello, Cucurbita pepo and Citrullus lanatus (Talhoq, 1982). The pest damages in adult and larval stages during all vegetation of host plants. It damages mainly melons, cucumbers, pumpkins, and vegetable marrows. Watermelon is da

Introduction Water uptake for agriculture is very intensive in Souss Massa region (521Mm3 per year), where irrigation waters are almost exclusively pumped from the water table which is being depleted by 2 to 3 meter per year.1 The climate is very arid with rainfall of about 150-200 mm/year concentrated in winter and Evapotranspiration (ETo) of 1800 mm/year with more than 7 mm/day in the Summer, average winter temperatures can reach 5-7°C whereas average summer temperatures ca

Introduction Due to recent developments in membrane technology, the trend in the desalination industry is to use reverse osmosis (RO) for desalting seawater. Brackish water (BW) desalination using membrane technology is also expanding as the salinity of groundwater increases. Selecting an appropriate process to meet specific needs at specific locations is essential though the biggest challenge remains in the capability to successfully operate these plants once installed due to peculiarities o

Introduction The population of student learning English as a foreign language has been steadily increasing from year to year. To succeed in college, these students must develop not only linguistics, but also academic skills. These skills involve using English to acquire and articulate knowledge by reading academic texts, writing acceptable academic prose, conducting and reporting research. In Indonesia, English is taught in schools since the students go to Junior high schools. However, many o

Introduction The quality of drinking water is vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human health. People of rural areas located around Tirupati are mainly dependent on ground water for drinking and other domestic needs. Thus, in this paper an attempt was made to assess the physico chemical analysis of drinking water in the view of health of human beings living in this area. Experimental Drinking water of different polluted locations at Renigunta area near Tirupati w

Introduction Soil is a dynamic and complex system of air, water, decomposing organic matter, living plants and animals. In addition to this, soil consists of rock fragments, clays, sands and silts organized into definite pattern as dictated by environmental conditions. The major factors involved in the process of soil formation are parent material, climate, time, topography and biota.1 These factors are influencing the mineralogical, mechanical and chemical properties of soils. The p

Introduction The most important word in the progress of any industry is quality. By quality we mean an attribute of the product determines its fitness for use. The range of these attributes is pretty wide – Physical, Chemical, aesthetic etc. A product may have several aspects of quality as well as an over all quality which is something more than the sum of its individual quality aspects. Quality means a level which in turn, depends on four M’s besides many other factors wh

Introduction Garnet crystallizes in cubic system and mostly in dodecahedron (rhomb-dodecahedron) and trapezohedron (tetragon-trioctahedron) crystal forms. General chemical formula of this mineral is: R3R’2(SiO4)3, which bivaliant cations (i.e. Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca2+) lie in R site and trivaliant cations (i.e. Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+) in R’ site. Commonly, more than one cation lies in R and R’ sites and therefore garnet crystals give rise to isomorphous (solid solution)

Introduction Tetramethylammonium compounds have many applications in science and biology. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to prepare single crystals of tetramethylammonium salts suitable for diffraction studies; the available methods of preparation give microcrystalline powders that are not suitable for X-ray single crystal diffraction. Scientists’ effort to find and use simple substituted methods for studying crystal habits of tetramethylammonium salts. One of the sug

Introduction Emissions of many air pollutants have been shown to have variety of negative effects on public health and the natural environment . Emissions that are principal pollutants of concern include: Hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide(CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Particulate matter, Sulfur oxide (SOx), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). hydrocarbons are toxins. Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog, which can be a major problem in urban areas. Carbon Monoxide poisoning is also a major k

Introduction The coordination chemistry of transition metals with ligands from the uranyl family hasbeen of interest due to different bonding modes shown by these ligands with both electron rich and electron poor metal. In principle, the central transition metal atoms of different soft and hard Lewis acidity usually need to be satisfied in the most suitable fashion.Schiff base metal complexes have been widely studied because they have industrial, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer and herb

Introduction Geometrical Effects When the ball passes through undersized hole, plastic deformation (ip) takes place, this plastic deformation of the hole may be due to many variables. It has been confirmed experimentally that interference (if) and plastic deformation (ip) have got a linear relationship i.e. they are proportional to each other. If deviation is defined as the difference of ball diameter and hole diameter after ballizing the experiment also establishes that this deviation

Introduction Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern not only to hospitals, nursing home authorities but also to the environment. the bio-medical wastes generated from health care units depend upon a number of factors such as waste management methods, type of health care units, occupancy of healthcare units, specialization of healthcare units, ratio of reusable items in use, availability of infrastructure and resources etc.1 The proper management of bi

Introduction The life on the earth depends on the water. Everything originated in the water and sustain by water. It is most common abundant, indispensable, inorganic component of the earth’s environment, constitutes living matter predominantly. It is a prime resource and physiological necessity to mankind. This work include the sample collection technique, collection, preservation and handling of collected sample. The collected samples were analyzed for the determination of Phys

Introduction Fresh Water is essential to existence of life. Water of acceptable quality is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Surface water is collection of water on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to evaporation and sub-surface seepage into the groundwater. A lake is a large body of water surrounde

Introduction A pesticide is a chemical substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating a pest, which can be an insect; rodent, bind, weed or fungus, as well as micro organism like bacteria and viruses. Pesticides can be broadly classified as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and antimicrobials, with many subclasses. The major insecticide groups are the organochlorines, organophosphates, carbonates and pyrethroids. Pesticides are considered hazardous chemic

Introduction From the literature survey it is known that no investigation has been done on the quality of underground water in Chalisgaon Taluka of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State. Seven villages are selected for this study situated in North - East of the Jalgaon district on the right bank of Girna river at a distance of 12 Kms from Chalisgaon town on state highway No. 211. The area under investigation is a notable cotton, sugarcane & banana producing centres and all the crop fi

Introduction The chemical composition of the bottom sediments and its variation of different sites in the river Swarnarekha receiving the treated and untreated waste water from domestic and industrial sources have a profound impact on the water quality of the river basin. Water chemistry only assesses the effluent impact at the time of sampling while the bottom sediments geo-chemistry gives a cumulative assessment of pollution. Bottom sediments analysis has been used to trace pollutant inputs

Introduction Neem (Azadirachtin indica) is a traditional and highly esteemed medicinal tree for the people of Indian sub-continent.It is one of the most promising medicinal plant, having a wide spectrum of biological activity, well known for its insecticidal properties (ICAR, 1993). Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem have been extensively reviewed by Biswas et al (2002). Azadirachtin (a tetranotriterpenoid) is one of the major components (Kraus et al., 1981; Broughton et a

Introduction Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. The time it takes to earn the degree in education today is based on an increasingly outdated model: so many hours in a classroom entitle a student to a receipt in the form of a grade, and so many receipts can be redeemed for a credential in the form of a degree... Education today is just beginning to think of shifting the basis of certification from time served to skills and knowledge obtained. Multimedia hold

Introduction A phytase (myo-inositol hexakis phosphate phosphohydrolase) is any type of phosphatase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) — an indigestible, organic form of phosphorus that is found in grains and oil seeds— and releases a usable form of inorganic phosphorus.1 While phytases had been found to occur in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, phytases had been most commonly detected and characterized from fun

Introduction Increased used of pesticide results in the excess inflow of toxic chemicals, mainly in to the aquatic ecosystem (Baskaran et al., 1989; Kalavanthy et al., 2001). The aquatic environment is currently under threat by the indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides by the human activities and causing high risk to non-target organisms (Kumar et. al., 2010). Among different classes of pesticides, organophosphates are more frequently used, because of their high insecticidal property, lo