Introduction Waste generally means ‘something unwanted’. Its precise definition and scope however, differs from one country to another (Kaseva and Mbuligwe 2005). Waste is something for which we have no further use and which we wish to get rid. Solid wastes arises from unusable residue in raw materials, leftovers, rejects and scrap from process operations, used or scrap packaging materials and even saleable products themselves when they are finally discarded (Tchobanoglous
..当今固体废物管理的主要问题是确定和选择最合适的固体废物处理技术以及在选定地区的处置方法。然而，决策过程变得越来越复杂，尤其是在处理成本效率方面。因此，选择层次分析法(AHP)作为工具来促进决策任务。它是一种支持多标准决策的方法，是一种有效和实用的方法
…Introduction Water is the most essential commodity for all living creatures. Organisms can not survive without water. Water is one of the most essential constituents of the human environments. Man needs it, in the first place for his physiological existence. It is used for many purposes e.g. industrial water supply, irrigation, drinking, propagation of fish and other aquatic systems and generation of fish and hydro-powers. Water is the source of energy and governs the evolution and functions
..安全饮用水是时间的首要需求，大多数人依赖的地下水资源存在硬度，钙，硝酸盐，磷酸盐，氟化物，D.O, B.O.D, COD和重金属铜和锌以及过量的MPN计数问题。2008-09年季风季节前后收集了不同的样本。分析和评价了水的不同参数对人类饮用饮用水的适宜性、公共卫生情景和健康影响。有些< / p > . .
Introduction Increasing population and higher levels of human activities including effluent disposals to the surface and groundwater resources have made sustainability of resources a very complex task throughout the world.1 Water is known to contain a large numbers of chemical elements .Physical parameters such as temperature, turbidity and current are also known to operate in Lake Ecosystem. The interaction of both the physical and chemical properties of water plays a significant role in
..德尔本迪汗湖湖沼学研究分夏、秋、冬、春4个季节进行。本研究涉及物理化学参数和藻类组成。空气和水温的理化性质最大值为13 ~ 34℃，最小值为12 ~ 30℃，电导率和总溶解固形物值分别为435 ~ 485 μ s/cm和278 ~ 310mg/L, pH值
。Introduction The most often polluted phases of the environmental are the aquatic system, especially the surface water. This is because contaminants in air, soil or on land ultimately end up in the aquatic systems via local precipitation, water surface run-off and leaching of rocks and solid wastes (Forstner and Wiltman, 1983). Sewage, industrial wastes and agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, mineral and petroleum exploration and exploitation are however, the main causes
..对尼日利亚三角洲州Agbor的Orogodo河沿岸的沉积物样本进行了为期4个月(5月至8月)的采样，并使用原子吸收光谱法分析了重金属(Cd, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr)。还确定了一些特定的物理化学特征，例如已知会影响沉积物基质中金属的相互作用和动力学的有机物、pH值和电导率。分析结果显示有显著差异
…Introduction Telfairia Occidentalis is an important staple vegetable grown in Nigeria being known for both its nutritional and medicinal values. It is commonly called fluted pumpkin of the cucurbitaceae family and is known by several common names in Nigeria, namely Ugu (Igbo), iroko or Aporoko (Yoruba), Ubong (Efik), Umee (Urhobo), Umeke (Edo). (Akoroda, 1990) It occurs in the forest zone of West africa, most frequently in Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is a popular vegetable all over Nigeri
..食用被重金属污染的食物和蔬菜是导致疾病和衰弱的主要原因。本研究选取了尼日利亚三角洲州15个非石油勘探城镇，覆盖该州的三(3)个参议院选区，以及每个参议院选区的5(5)个城镇，对Telfairia occidentalis的铅含量进行了测定。各地点的平均铅浓度用P<0.05学生t检验和f分布方差分析在P&a
。Introduction Water is very vital for nature and can be a limiting resource to men and other living beings. Without a well-functioning water supply, it is difficult to imagine productive human activity be it agriculture or livestock. Extensive studies on water quality have been carried out by various workers (Majumdar and Gupta 2000; Dasgupta and Purohit 2001; Khurshid et al., 2002; Sujatha and Reddy 2003; Aravindan et al., 2004, 2010; Sreedevi 2004; Sunitha et al., 2005; Subba Rao 2006, Shank
..目前的调查涉及帕拉瓦纳尔河次流域的地下水质量方面。在2008年季风来临前，我们在35个地点采集了地下水样本，并分析了各种物理和化学参数。地下水水质按照世界卫生组织(1984年)规定的饮用水标准进行了评估。Gibbs图显示，研究区整体水文地球化学环境受岩水相互作用控制。三大水化学f
..Introduction Formaldehyde, identified as one of the substances causing sick house syndrome, has been used as preservative, fungicide, germicide and disinfectant in hospitals and industries due to its bactericidal action. Formaldehyde is also found in other products such as chemicals, particle board, household products, glues, permanent press fabrics, paper product coatings, fiberboard, and plywood. Use of formaldehyde has raised concern due to its intensive ability to polymerize owing to inad
..甲醛广泛用于医疗设施的消毒和防腐，特别是在纺织和油漆工业中作为溶剂。由于医疗设施和工业的废水和当地环境中的甲醛浓度较高，据报道，甲醛会致癌，并对眼睛和皮肤有刺激作用。研究了处理后的活性炭和活性氧化铝对甲醛的去除效率和吸附机理。
Introduction The total population of India is 1210 million on Jan 2011 but as per the Indian census of 2001, there are 638,365 villages in India and about 74% population lives in these villages.8 Those 74% populations use the Chulha to cook the food. Because of the urban facilities are not still available in rural areas, such as drinking water supply, cooking gas supply and electricity supply etc. that are not available in most of the rural areas. The most important activity of Human
..能源是经济增长的原动力，是现代经济的车轮。未来的经济增长在很大程度上取决于能源的长期可用性，以及资源的成本、可用性、可及性和环境友好性。印度是一个发展中国家，它需要更多的能源来加快发展速度。印度的能源消耗总量居世界第六位。能源资源是不变的，但能源消耗却日益增加。所以每个
..Introduction Water and soil pollution due to the use of waste waters are used for irrigation. Industrialization and urbanization make a cosmopolitan problem, creating adverse effects on soil, crops and vegetable plants when waste (effluent) waters are used for (irrigation) cultivation. In the area of northern part of Karnataka state, especially around Jamkhandi of Bagalkot district, where many sugar industries are installed. The industrial effluents are constantly adding up toxic substances i
..土壤科学和植物营养由于其对人类的潜在毒性，也取决于土壤植物系统中的相对流动性。本文研究了生活污水和工业废水对蔬菜植物生长的影响，并对叶绿素含量进行了估算。出水呈碱性(pH=9.0)，含有微量的Cu、Zn、Ni、Co、Cd、Mn和Cr等金属(<o.1 ppm)。参数值和叶绿素含量
。Introduction Fresh water contains various micro-organism. The quality (physico-chemical) of water affects to species composition, abundance and productivity of water. Physical and chemical parameters are directly related to micro-organisms and productivity of water bodies. Some organism can survive in a wide range of condition and some are more tolerant to pollution and other are very sensitive to change in conditions and are intolerant to pollution. Generally a large number of flora (algae)
..水是地球上最宝贵的资源。它在生物的分布中起着主导作用。淡水含有各种各样的微生物。水质1,5通过理化参数影响水体的物种组成、丰度和生产力。有些生物可以在各种条件下生存，有些生物对污染的耐受性更强，而另一些生物对条件的变化非常敏感，对污染不耐受。这些淡水水体名称
..Introduction The Kerwa, Kolar and Kaliasote dam are the three main dams of Bhopal city as they are used for various activities like drinking, irrigation, recreational etc. Kolar dam (latitude 22° 57' 37" and longitude 77° 20' 24") is a major masonry dam which is located about 32 km from Bhopal near Lawakhedi village in Sehore District. It is constructed across the Kolar River near Birpur, a tributary of Narmada. The dam is about 45 m high. Thi
..对博帕尔的Kerwa水坝、Kolar水坝和Kaliasote水坝进行了物理化学研究，以检查地表水是否适合饮用。从每个大坝的两个采样站采集水样(APHA, AWWA, WEF, 1998)，分析水样的物理和化学参数，如温度、pH、电导率、总硬度、钙硬度、镁硬度、硫酸盐、氟化物和化学需氧量(COD)，以了解当前状态
。Introduction The continuously growing paper manufacturing industry imposes a severe demand on green plants that forms the basic raw material of papermaking. Woody and non woody plants are major sources of raw material for making paper. In mill sector, woody perennial trees (hard wood and soft woods) are mainly utilized for papermaking. Apart from these plants, rice straw and wheat straw are also the alternative raw materials for paper industry but the quality of these straw papers is very poo
..在斋浦尔Kummarappa国家手工纸研究所进行了粉碎货币废料的酶解回收工艺。本研究旨在以高质量的手工造纸和产品的形式回收印度储备银行的粉碎货币废物。Kummarappa国家手工纸研究所已经开发出一种简单的货币回收技术。试图利用某些微生物酶的混合物来回收粉碎的货币废物。< / p > . .
Introduction The law and its implementation plays an important role in evaluation and transformation of social system and hence with the changing needs and hues of the society, there is a need to develop, Singh has pointed out the environmental law and other common laws which related to the protection of the environment and maintain the quality of environment4 According to Tiwari Committee 1980 (First National Committee) set up by the Supreme Court, considered about 200 old laws re
..空气是环境中最重要的因素。没有空气，任何人都不能生存。但是今天污染或退化的空气质量是一个大问题，因为空气污染已经影响了人们的健康或引起许多疾病。雪莉·贝克的研究表明，空气污染会使血压升高。污染问题不能单靠技术来解决。苏格兰最高法院法官尼利·乔杜里(Niley Chowdhary)表示，巨大的污染控制问题可以单独处理。它应该是积分的
。Introduction Algae are major producer of organic compounds. It has an important position in aquatic food chain. Since algae indicate the levels of pollution in water bodies as bio indicator and it also helps to determine the quality and conservation of water (Palmer, 1980), but not much attention has been paid with reference to their occurrence and distribution in different lotic and lentic water bodies. India is a land of many rivers. Narmada is prominent river of Madhya Pradesh. It is suppo
..本论文传达了纳尔马达河藻类的物种丰富度。这些初级生产者类群对河流中有机质光合生产总量的相对贡献尚不确定。目前的工作是努力确定不同藻类群体之间的变化范围。藻类区系由绿藻科(56%)、绿藻科(4%)、硅藻科(20%)和蓝藻科(20%)组成。在
期间绿藻最多(128 sp.)。Introduction The increasing concern on environmental protection and the stringent exhaust gas regulation has made the attention on use of vegetable oil as alternate fuel for engines. The use of vegetable oil in compression ignition engine is as old as diesel engine itself. In Rudolph Diesel’s preface to his 1912 patent he wrote that the “Use of vegetable oil for engine fuel may seem insignificant today but such oil may became in coarse of time, as important as petroleum&am
..在各种非食用油资源中，麻疯树油被认为是一种很有前途的内燃机替代燃料。研究了麻疯树脱胶油(DGJO)和麻疯树甲酯(JBD)的生产工艺，测定了DGJO和JBD的重要燃料性能，并与化石柴油和麻疯树油进行了比较。脱胶和反式酯化工艺分别使粘度降低19.8%和74.8%。脱胶油在70℃r
下加热。Introduction Water is second to oxygen as being essential for life. People can survive days, weeks, or even longer without food, but only about few days without water. Water is one of the essential commodities of everyday life and is placed in position just after air. Although it is nature’s abundant gift but most of it is present in oceans (97%) and in the icebergs in the Polar Regions (2%) which are of no use for utilization and the remaining (1%) of all earth’s water, w
..对那格浦尔Kalmeshwar Tehsil地区井水进行了理化分析，分析了所有样品的水质参数，如温度、物理外观、气味、浊度、pH、氯化物、硝酸盐、总硬度、永久硬度、总溶解固体、钠、钾、硫酸盐、铁、氟化物、总碱度、溶解氧、B.O.D、C.O.D.结果发现，大部分参数都在who (1978
)规定的允许范围内。Introduction Many solid-solid capillary reactions have been studied during the last many years e.g.1-4 In the studies normally carried out so for, both the solid reactants do not have any impurities. The main motivation of the earlier work, including that of the senior author (R.A.) in this field was to obtain a better understanding of the reaction mechanism of solid-solid reactions eg.2,5 Introduction of simple organic impurities was a step in this direction. While studying the soli
..我们讨论了固体中新产物的形成& & &;在存在少量有机溶剂杂质的情况下，毛细管中的固体反应以及散装中的固体反应。研究了KI + HgCl2、CuI + HgCl2和AgI + HgCl2三种反应。结果发现，对于某些有机溶剂杂质，在HgCl2占据的一半中出现了少量的某些物质。因此，很明显，一些有机物质正在与HgCl2反应，产生一种新的物质
。Introduction Hydrogen peroxide is a very strong oxidizer and it burns any organic matter in contact. For instance, if you soak a cotton rag with 90% hydrogen peroxide it burns very quickly. It can react in a hypergolic way if mixed with other chemicals. Thus dilution of H2O2 should be monitored according to the application it is used for H2O2 is used in Industrial scale for the production of organic and inorganic chemicals, as a bleaching agent in Textiles, paper pulp and non-edible
..如果有什么物质是有趣的，那就是过氧化氢。到目前为止，每个人都知道地球周围的臭氧层。臭氧由三个氧原子组成。当来自太阳的紫外线将大气中的氧分子(02)分裂成两个单独的、不稳定的氧原子时，就形成了这层臭氧保护层。这些单个分子与其他分子结合形成臭氧。臭氧不是很稳定。事实上，它会很快放弃那个额外的原子
。Introduction Water covers about 70% 0f the earths surface. Although water on earths surface is abundant, 97% water is salty, 2% is solid water and only 1% is available as a fresh water in which ground water accounts for 98%. Water has great importance in the life of living organisms. Economy and health of nation depends upon the quality and quantity of water. Generally urban and rural area peoples are using their own Bore–wells water for drinking and domestic purposes, because relat
..系统物理–对马哈拉施特拉邦Beed地区16个不同地区的地下水进行了化学研究，以评估其在2008-09年度是否适合饮用。研究了地下水的pH、EC、TDS、TH、TA、Cl-、Ca++、Mg++、K+、Na+等理化参数。在目前的研究中，在夏季的四个月里，从16个选定的地下水源(即钻孔)中每月采集水样。ph
..Introduction The electrical conductivity of molten mercury halides had earlier been studied.1 Some reactions can be cited where electrical conductivity had been studied during the reaction.2 Earlier electrical conductivity measurements have been done to show that the crystals prepared are of good crystalline quality.3 In the present work, the pellets of the double halides and their equimolar mixture are made from finely ground powders after putting them in a hydraul
..本文报道了在10吨/平方厘米压力下测量HgCl2、HgBr2、HgI2和HgCl2与HgBr2的等摩尔混合物以及HgBr2与HgI2的等摩尔混合物电导率的部分结果。与相应的双卤化物相比，这两种等摩尔混合物的电导率非常低，这强烈表明在这两种情况下都形成了一些新产物。X- ray di
也支持这一点。Introduction Water is the most abundant molecule on earth surface, constiuting about 70% of the planets surface. In nature it exists in solid, liquid and gaseous states. At room temperature, it is nearly colourless with a hint of blue, tasteless, and odourless liquid. Many substances dissolve in water and is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. Water usually makes up 55% to 78% of the human body.1,2 In natural water almost all of the hydrogen atoms are of the isotope protiu
..水是地球上生命所必需的。研究人员对恰蒂斯加尔邦比拉斯布尔市周围6个主要村庄不同地点的地表水和地下水进行了研究。于2010年4月采集样本，在比拉斯普尔市公共卫生部门实验室进行氟化物浓度分析。绘制了一张对比图。氟浓度低于1.5 mg/L，为允许限值，未发现有害影响。< / p > . .
Introduction Solar air heaters have been observed to have generally poor convective heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to the air. This low heat transfer coefficient results in relatively higher absorber plate temperature leading to higher thermal losses to the environment and hence lower thermal efficiency. It is therefore, necessary to improve convective heat transfer coefficient to increase the thermal efficiency of flat plate solar air heaters. To enhance the thermal efficiency
..太阳能集热器是主动式太阳能采暖系统的重要组成部分。用黑丝筛网填料填料可以明显提高平板集热器的性能，这种改善与床层和操作参数有很大关系。本文设计并制作了一套实验测试装置。本文对采用丝网筛网基质的填充床太阳能空气加热器进行了性能评价，并与常规设计进行了比较。
Introduction The nature of flora and fauna in any water body is mainly controlled by the fluctuations in the physical and chemical characteristics of its water. Moreover physico-chemical aspects are pre-requistic for the assessment of potentialities and to understand the realities between trophic level food webs. Gho-Manhasan, one of the tributaries of Chenab drainage system before its entry into Pakistan passes through the North of Jammu province. This stream acts as a recipient of variou
..分析了高曼哈山溪的水的物理、化学和生物状况。他们记录下了河流中水和底栖生物的变化。< / p > . .
Introduction Water sources available for drinking and other domestic purposes must possess high degree of purity, free from chemical contamination and microorganisms. Rivers are lifeline of living beings and constitute an integral part of both rural and urban community as a source of drinking water and fish culture. There are 14 major rivers in India that share 83% of the total drainage basin and contribute 85% of the total surface flow. Water used by the consumers must be free from disease c
..纺织工业废水样本收集自瓦尔达区(ms)的兴安加特。并对其理化特性进行了分析。分析结果与印度标准局(BIS)的水质标准进行了比较。在这个分析中，各种物理化学参数，如颜色、气味、温度、密度、表面张力、粘度、碱度、酸度、氯化物、硬度、总溶解固体(TDS)、总悬浮固体、pH、电导率
…Introduction The Kaliasote reservoir is situated near the Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI) Bhopal, and was constructed as a storage dam to conserve excess water of Upper Lake, discharged through the Bhadbhada spill gates of the lake for irrigation purposes. The reservoir is having a catchment of 381.38 Km2 and the gross capacity is 35.387 Mecum. The reservoir is also facing the problem of siltation due to rapid change in land use pattern from agriculture to housing. The catchment a
..Kaliashote水库集水区的化肥使用量增加了许多倍，化肥的残留影响以及农业废弃物流入湖泊大大增加了水污染问题。化肥的残留物随雨水到达卡利亚休特水库，使湖泊的水富含营养物。额外的养分负荷导致富营养化，支持大型植物的繁茂生长
。Introduction The water quality of pond and dam are deteriorating mainly duetue rapid increasing nearor to these places. deforastration, grazing and removal of vegetation cover in the water shed result in silting of reservoir. The agricultural practices in the catchment area not only increase the siltation problem but are also responsible the addition of large quantites of nutreitonts,pesticites and organic metter. The knowledge of physico-chemichal characterstics of water bodies help in plani
..希夫纳河是昌巴尔河的重要支流。它起源于拉贾斯坦邦，沿着中央邦的边界流入阿切拉附近的曼苏尔地区。湿婆神的著名寺庙位于湿婆河的mandsour 本研究是为了调查湿婆河的物理化学参数，本研究是从2008年12月到2010年9月进行的。样本按季节从三个采样点采集
。Introduction Nanoparticle synthesis by green route Any chemical synthesis can be regarded as green synthesis, if it can reduce/ replace the toxic chemical substances in the form of reagents, catalysts used for the process and also by minimizing the steps involved therein, convert the waste into useful form, reduce the solvent used, use water or solvent less process. We can substitute natural or biodegradable substances in place of pure chemical substances such as starch and clay additives
..纳米技术是对大约1到100纳米尺度的物质的理解和控制，其中独特的现象可以实现新的应用。纳米技术涵盖了纳米尺度的科学、工程和技术，涉及成像、测量、建模和操纵这种长度尺度的物质。在这个层次上，材料的物理、化学和生物特性与单个原子、分子或大块物质的特性在基本和有价值的方面有所不同。
Introduction One of the major concerns of many countries today is that there is a mismatch between graduates’ skills, acquired from higher education institutions and the skill sets needed in industry. Many of the current graduates are found to be lacking in creativity, communications skills, analytical and critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Presently, many institutions are moving towards problem-based learning as a solution to producing graduates who are creative and can
..目前，传统的教育方法已经导致了教授给学生的知识与行业需求之间的不匹配。正因如此，许多院校正转向以问题为基础的学习，以此作为培养具有创造性、能进行批判性和分析性思考并能解决问题的毕业生的一种解决方案。在本文中，我们着重于在一个基于问题的学习环境中，通过给予学生
，将多媒体技术作为创新的教学策略。Introduction Water is elixir for the life. Adequate supply of potable water is absolutely essential and is the basic need for all human being on the earth. Attention on water contamination and its management has become a need of the hour due to its far reaching impact on human health.1,2 Ground water quality of open wells as well as bore wells deteriorates to a considerable extent and the water from such sources has high salt contaminations. Ground water acts as reservoir by vir
..对杜乐市选定地点的地下水样品进行了理化分析，以确定水的可饮用性，并呼吁采取同样有效的措施，尽量减少对人体健康的不利影响。将评估的平均值与WHO、ISI和ICMR给出的标准进行比较。从目前的研究中发现，许多理化参数都有变化。样品S-1和S3被发现在可能的
范围内。Introduction Water is the most vital source and one of the precious natural resources of this planet. Due to industrialization and urbanization ground water quality is adversely affected. According to WHO, nearly 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. Many of the people of Mangalam, near Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India are affected by pollution of drinking water. In the present study an attempt was made to assess the quality of ground water and its suitability for dri
..对印度蒂鲁帕蒂附近芒格拉姆及其周边地区的地下水质量及其对人类健康的影响进行了评估。研究人员从Mangalam及其周围的8个不同地区采集了水样，并分析了物理化学参数，如pH值、电导率、总溶解固体、总硬度、钙、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐和溶解氧。将发现的理化参数值与世界卫生组织的水质标准进行比较。基于
…Introduction Aquaculture is growing rapidly world wide with fish being the primary source of animal protein in many countries. The exploitation of human population & the industrial development. Our ecosystem has highly polluted and causing considerable stress to fishes & other aquatic animals. The occurrence of disease outbreaks in aquaculture system can be attributed to a number of reasons. The lack of understanding of intricate balance between the host, pathogen and the
..用福尔马林灭活的创伤弧菌对启动组和加强组的幼鱼免疫。用血清凝集试验评估体液免疫反应。本实验比较了引剂和加强剂的抗体滴度。结果表明，在21 dpp和35 dpp时，激发反应较高。肌内注射更适合于i
。