Introduction Dyes are synthetic aromatic compound, the textile industry ranks first in dye consumption for the coloration of fabric, presently more than 9000 distinetly different dyes are listed in the colour index dyes are classified into various application classes (Direct, Acid, Basic, Reactive etc.) and chemical class (Azo, Xanthane, Triphenylmethane,Thazine etc.). The dye stuffs are water soluble dispersible organic colourans,having high porential use in various industrial applications(m

Introduction Environment is a vital component of society. But with the global acceleration of industrialization and deforestation environmental problems and resource shortage is reaching a critical point. The need of the many and the greed of the few have ruptured our natural habitat and have made life on planet earth very fragile. The prehistoric man having a nomadic existence and was puzzled by the environment and may be out of fear started worshipping it. The man of the present day, the mo

Introduction I Surface water contains very high pathogenic microbial contaminants, mainly bacteria and virus, due to animal and organic matter decomposition.1 Intake of the raw water is a high risk for health that affects mainly children and old people.2 Lack of safe drinkable water is a serious problem that affects people from developing countries, conditioning health, social economical development. In fact, people are supplied with water from rivers or surface waters, without any t

Introduction Ancients monuments are regularly affected by the continuous colonization of microorganisms especially bacteria, cyanobacteria, yeast, some algae species and various fungal species. (Gorbushina et al., 2004). Fungi has greater role in the biodeterioration of monuments (Burford et al., 2003). The phototrophic microorganisms are common inhabitants of monuments. Opportunistic species of cyanobacteria and chlorophytes, present in soils and in the air, are commonly found on the surface

Introduction Waste water generated in a dairy contains highly putrescible organic constituents. This necessitates prompt and adequate treatment of the waste water before its disposal to the environment. Almost all the organic constituents of dairy waste are easily biodegradable. Hence the wastewater is amenable to biological treatment-either aerobic or anaerobic.1 Rapid growth of industries has not only enhanced the productivity but also resulted in the production and release of toxi

Introduction Water is essential for life on earth. Water is a unique liquid, without it life is impossible. The importance of ground water for the existence of human society cannot be overemphasized. Ground water is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas. Besides, it is an important source for the agricultural and the industrial sector. As far as the quality of ground water is concerned, many places including Bhopal have been identified as endemic to contamination du

Introduction Use of cleaner fuels is potentially one of the most important policies in an effective program for reducing air pollution. There are two basic strategies in this regard: firstly, the modification of polluting characteristics of traditional fuels, and secondly, using alternative fuels. By ‘traditional fuels’ the authors mean gasoline and diesel, which are the popular fuels in Iran. Consequently, the term ‘alternative fuels’ refers to the oth

Introduction The Effect of Cadmium on Absorbtion and Translocation of Solutes In most of the plant species, cadmium is absorbed by roots, although the rate of transmission stem is different in various species. For example in sugar beet 10-20 percent of absorbed cadmium is transferred to aerial parts (H8) while in soybean only 2 percent of absorbed cadmium is transferred to leaves26 absorbtion of poisonous metals and their transmission to aerial parts of plant and the resistance of

Introduction Water gets polluted from leaching of ore deposits and from anthropogenic sources which include mainly industrial effluents and solid waste disposal. Industrial development in the recent past has substantially increased the level of heavy metals. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by using inactive and dead biomass is an alternative technology for removing toxic heavy metals which cause life-threatening illnesses and pose environmental disposal problem due to their n

Introduction In continuation of our earlier analysis on Bore wells water,1-3 here we report the Physico-Chemical analysis of Bore wells drinking water of kapadwanj territory. Kapadwanj is located in Kheda District of Gujarat. Borewells water is generally used for Drinking and other domestic purposes in this area. The use of fertilizers and pesticides, manure, lime, septic tank, refuse dump, etc. are the main sources of Borewells water pollution.4 In the absence of fresh wate

Introduction The mass media and other communication channels have tremendous effect on every sphere of human life, but its impact is not uniform in all fields, nor can it be predicted universally. There is a need to consciously use the mass media to educate and aware a large number of people about different social issues. Mass Media have the advantage of reaching a relatively larger population in a shorter time than is possible with other means. Mass Media is the way a message is dissemina

Introduction Events of substantial aeolian dust deposition on seasonal snow covers and glaciers are a common phenomenon in mid-latitude, (sub-tropical) and even high arctic regions. Such events are emerging as important environmental issues in view of their glacio-chemical and glacio-meteorological aspects. The atmosphere, an integral and huge component of biosphere, receives inputs from myriad anthropogenic activities including expanding industrial establishments. Varied emissions, inter ali

Introduction An attempt has been made to carry out CFD based analysis to fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of a solar air heaters having roughened duct provided with artificial roughness. Combined effect of swirling motion, detachment and reattachment of fluid which was considered to be responsible in the increase of heat transfer rate has been observed during CFD analysis. Nusselt number has been found to increase with increase in Reynolds number where friction factor decreases wi

Introduction River Jhelum is lifeline of Kashmir and is the only source of water which drains the valley from South to North. It is the only ultimate source of water, which inhibits all species of fishes of valley, being the most resourceful water body. But due to various anthropogenic activities it is bringing up threat to its fauna and flora. The most precarious and deteriorative is construction of dams which have affected the hydrological features of region surrounding the dam. The Buni

Introduction Clean and safe drinking water is most primary need of living organisms. Ground water contributes 0.6 percent of the total water resources on the earth and is the major source of drinking and agriculture water in rural and urban areas. Chemical composition of the water is the major criteria for its suitability in drinking purposes especially in India where water purifying techniques are minimal. In India ground water caters to 80% of the total drinking water requirement and 50% of

引言工业革命导致Cr、Cu、Cd、Pd、Zn等重金属的使用量增加。重金属如铬、铜、镉、钯、锌是植物和微生物所必需的，因为它们是许多酶和蛋白质的组成部分。金属加工业和制革厂的废水未经适当处理或未经处理就排放到环境中。这些金属在土壤中积累并持续存在，对环境构成严重威胁。水平升高

Introduction What is Ecosystem ? The word Ecosystem’ stems from the Greek word ‘Oikos’, meaning ‘Home’ and ‘systema’ or ‘System’. This word was proposed by British ecologist A.G. Tansley (1935). Thus ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms within their physical and chemical environment. Ecosystem embodies the terrestrial ecosystems – where the organism and their environm

Introduction The Twentieth century started with an extensive damage to the natural resources¹. Unplanned industrialization, urbanization, pollution explosion, change in life-style, over exploitation of natural resources, commercial establishment and modern agricultural practices have degraded the quality of environment. The main effects being faced are:  Continental invasion of air and water. Marine pollution through waste discharges. Release of variety of chemical

Introduction Soil testing is a proven, practical method for evaluating the fertility status of soils and providing a sound basis for making recommendations in respect of fertilizers applications, soil amendment to farmers for increased crop production. Soil testing is of recent introduction but its importance in our agricultural program can hardly be over emphasized. Use of fertilizers in the country is now decidedly on the increase but their application must be guided on a scientific basis i