Introduction Silurian deposits in Poland have been long known from natural surface exposures occurring in the Swietokrzyskie Mountains and the Sudeten (H. Tomczyk, 1962a, b, 1970). They have been also reached in very numerous boreholes made on the territory of almost whole Poland, in particular on the eastern European platfrom in the Baltic Depression, the Podlasie Depression and in the Radom-Lublin region. In Pomerania (north and north-western Poland), Scandinavian postglacial deposits ar

Introduction Limited water resources in Jordan is a national problem due to limited recharge, population growth and increasing demand from industry and agricultural sectors. These constraints led to deterioration of water quality and declining of water level. Therefore conservation of the existing water resources is essential. To face the high water demand, groundwater resources had been exploited at rates much higher than those of the recharge where the difference between demand and suppl

Introduction Cannabis is a psychoactive substance obtained from the plant Cannabis sativa (Turner et al, 1980). It is also known as Indian hemp, Marijuana (McPherson, 2004) or ganja (Turner et al, 1980). The plant and the products have a long history of use both as a medicinal agent and intoxicant (Elsohya 2005). According to Wikkipedia (2008),evidence of inhalation of cannabis smoke can be found as far back as the Neolithic age as indicated by charred Cannabis seeds found in a ritual br

Introduction The sources of drinking water (both tap and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over surface of the band or through the ground, it dissolves naturally-occurring minerals and in some cases radioactive materials and pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity.1 Contaminants that may present in source water include viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatm

Introduction Vat dye is one of the important dyes used on the dyeing of cotton textiles due to its overall good fastness properties suitable for the end use products.¹ Vat dye has the problem of insolubility in water, but when reduced with a strong reducing agent like hydrose and solubilising agent sodium hydroxide, it is solubilized. The reduced dyestuff penetrates into the fiber and it is reoxidised on the fiber back to the insoluble form, which remains fixed in the fabr

Introduction Dyes are common constituents of effluents discharged by various industries, particularly the textile industry. The presence of very small amounts of dyes in water is highly visible and undesirable.1-2 Dyes may significantly affect photosynthetic activity of aquatic life due to reduced light penetration and may also be toxic to some aquatic life due to the presence of aromatics, metals, chlorides, etc. in them.3-6 Total dyes consumption of the textile industry

Introduction The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and lavish consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in underground-based carbon resources. The search for alternative fuels, which promise a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in present context. The fuels of bio-origin can p

Introduction Molasses (one of the important byproducts of sugar industry) is the chief source for the production of alcohol in distilleries by fermentation method. About 40 billion liters of waste water annually discharged in distilleries, known as raw spent wash (RSW), which is characterized by high biological oxygen demand (BOD: 5000-8000mg/l) and chemical oxygen demand (COD: 25000-30000mg/l) (Joshi,1994) , ugly color and bad smell. Discharge of raw spent wash into open land or near by wa

Introduction Heavy metal pollution is a threat to human health, animals and plants and is mainly caused by industrialization and its consequences (Park, et al., 2007). Among the various heavy metals, pollution by chromium and its compounds is of considerable concern. This metal is highly reactive and has found widespread use in leather tanning, electroplating, metal finishing and chromate preparation processes (Parvathi and Nagendran, 2007). So the removal of chromium metal from wastewater is

Introduction India is one of the leading countries in Asia in terms of the wealth of traditional knowledge system related to the use of plant species. India is also known to harbour a rich diversity of higher plant species about 17,000 species of which 7500 are known as medicinal plants. (Shiva, 1996). such a huge number of medicinal plant species has allowed the evolution of many systems of herbal medicines. Ayurveda is arguably the oldest medical system in Indian subcontinent. Cymbopog

Introduction The main sources of water pollution in India at present are city sewage, discharge of industrial wastage, intensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in agriculture. Excessive use of fertilizers has increased the level of nitrates in shallow ground water sources. The nitrate content in well water in Mahendragarh district in Haryana was found to be as high as 1310 mg/L. In Howrah district, intensive agriculture has contributed to high levels of such pesticides as D

Introduction Dye wastewater from textile, dyeing and dye manufacturing industries discharged into water bodies which affects the aquatic flora and fauna, and causes many water borne diseases.1 Since synthetic dyes are complex aromatic compounds, they are more stable and more difficult to biodegradation.2 Today there are more than 10,000 dyes available commercially.3 The annual production of dyes worldwide is around 7×105 tonnes, 5-10% of which are discha

Introduction Satna is a district of M.P. in India. It is situated in eastern part of the state. It abounds in natural resources like lime stone, latterite and silica sand i.e. silicates. Due to the availability of different kinds of industries, main among them are cement factories and lime kilns and due to industrial activities and uncontrollable use of insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers the water pollution has become a threat in this region. The present paper has the target to giv

Introduction Heavy metal in wastewater have emerged as the focus of environment remediation efforts because of their toxicity and threat to industrialization and urbanization with new technology. Wastewater containing Ni, Cr, Fe originate from primarily metal industry particularly during plating, tannery operation. But their concentration and presence highly depends upon the type of method used for like ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis are costly and at the same time, methods

Introduction Today water resources have been the most exploited natural system since man strode the earth. Pollution of water bodies is increasing steadily due to rapid population growth, industrial proliferations, urbanizations, increasing living standards and wide spheres of human activities. Time is, perhaps not too for when pure & clean water, particularly in densely populated, industrialized water scarce areas may be inadequate for maintaining the normal living standards. Gr

Introduction Population is increasing many fold progressively and there is great demand of water in all major sectors namely irrigation, industrial and domestic purpose. Under the prevailing hydrological condition the availability of fresh water resources is more or less constant. Ground water for construction activities/improper drainage system, the need of ground water quality assessment isessential. To evaluate the water quality with references to its use the ground water samples were

Introduction Water is one of the essential natural resources available to human beings. As fresh water resources in India is declining day-by-day and has an acute shortage of potable, drinking water of good quality. The socio-Economic growth of a region is severally constraining with lacking the fair chances of availability of safe drinking water. The natural quality of bore-wells and hand-pump’s water tends to be degraded by human activities, over pumping and by some Geologica

Introduction The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) has recognized the Upper and Lower lakes of Bhopal as Wetlands of national importance and designated them as "Bhoj Wetland" in 1988. Wetlands are facing serious threats due to human activities. Upper Lake is major source of water for Bhopal city. It contributes about 25 MGD water out of 55 MGD that Bhopal needs. But over the years, the quality of water has deteriorated due to inflow of waste and sewage. It is estimat

Introduction Water is essential for sustaining life. It plays central role in the ground environmental health of cities and towns. People depend on water for more than just drinking, cooking and personal hygiene. Vast quantities are often required for industrial and commercial uses. Water resources are also essential for irrigation, power generation and navigation etc. Pure water is never found in natural streams, lakes, oceans or under the ground as it has always some dissolved or suspe