Introduction Jordan is considering among the poorest ten countries in water resources (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 2006). Thus the purification and re-utilization of waste and industrial water has been given maximum attention. Phosphate mine industry in Jordan usually produces a large amount of effluent water from ore upgrading process. Beside the need for this amount of water; it is considered one of the environmental pollution sources because it contains sev
..研究了用Tripoli (Microcrypto crystalline silica = MCCS)作为吸附剂对模型水溶液中重金属(Cu2+、Zn2+和Ni2+)的去除。吸附平衡研究是在恒定的初始金属离子浓度(即10和100 mg.L-1)和不同的吸附剂重量下进行的。在0.5 g ~ 5 g(约)范围内，随着吸附剂剂量的增加，Zn2+和Cu2+离子的吸附百分比急剧增加，然后在
范围内略有增加。Introduction Animal raising on rangelands is the main agricultural activity in highlands of Turkey due to short, cool summer and extreme winter conditions which restrict the growth of many crops. In semi-nomadic animal raising areas, animal owners keep their animals near winter settlements from autumn to following summer and take their animals to uplands for temporary settlement during summer months. The rangelands around permanent settlement areas suffer from early, late season and heavy gra
..在土耳其高地，依靠牧场饲养动物是定居点的主要经济活动，尤其是半游牧动物饲养者。过度放牧和水土流失是这片牧场的主要问题。本研究的目的是确定牧场地点之间的植被和土壤性质的变化，特别是在土耳其高地，由于半游牧动物饲养系统，在一年中的不同时间放牧。三个牧场遗址，靠近永久定居点(sit
..)Introduction As a result of the high cost of inorganic fertilizers, small-scale farmers now apply animal manures, sewage sludge and municipal waste to improve soil fertility. Amendment of agricultural soil with domestic refuse and animal manure provides a cheap means of enriching the soil with plant nutrients and organic matter. However, this may lead to elevated levels of heavy metals in soils and possible risk of eutrophication. Though some of these heavy metals are useful to plants and a
..对施用动物粪便改良的耕地土壤进行了重金属短期累积量调查。从迈克尔·奥克帕拉农业大学农场的部分地区收集了土壤样本，并用动物粪便进行了改良，并分析了重金属浓度和理化性质。锌含量最高，平均含量为112.34 mg/kg;镉含量最低，平均含量为2.16 mg/kg。铅和铬的平均浓度分别为14.90和
。Introduction Pregnancy is a complex nutritional exercise that involves the arrangement and transport of nutrient materials for foetal metabolism and the provision of good internal environmental conditions suitable for foetal growth. One of the basic nutrients required for foetal nourishment is glucose, and the control of glucose intake by pregnant women has been reported to influence birth weight.¹ Transplacental glucose transport is a facilitated process and in humans, it is me
..据报道，充足的营养可增加足月新生儿的体格大小和出生体重。这些人体测量测量已被用来预测胎儿的生长和健康状况。已经观察到，母体血清和脐带血葡萄糖的量影响这些人体测量参数。因此，本研究报道了产妇年龄与胎儿营养生化指标(产妇血清、脐带血血糖、足月出生体重)的关系。Pregna < / p > . .
Introduction Heavy metals are nowadays among the most important pollutants in source and treated water, some of these are cumulative poisons capable of being assimilated, stored and concentrated by organisms that are exposed to low concentration of these substances for long periods or repeatedly for short periods.¹ Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions has been commonly carried out by several processes: chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, ion-exchange, reverse o
..本研究的目的是评价稻壳和尼罗玫瑰植物对其混合水溶液中Cr (III)、Cu(II)、Zn(II)、Cd(II)和Pb(II)的去除能力。研究了接触时间、pH、初始金属浓度和吸附剂用量对室温25℃下吸附过程的影响。间歇式吸附研究表明，吸附Cr (III)、Cu(I
)、Cu(I)、Cu(I)的平衡时间为90 min。Introduction The tremendous increase in the use of heavy metals over the past few decades has inevitably resulted in an increased influex of metallic substances in aquatic environment (Harrison and Laxen 1980). Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment is a major health problem. This is because metals are toxic and non-biodegradable (Corapciogie and Hana 1987). Despite the toxicological effects of Cadium, it has a wide range of uses. The most significant use of cadmium is in the Ni-Cd
..研究了活化和未活化废轮胎粉在其水溶液中对重金属(Pb2+和Cd2+)的吸附电位。结果表明，废轮胎是一种较好的吸附水中Cd2+的非常规吸附剂。镉的去除率为93.3%。结果表明，未活化废物对500 μ m活化轮胎的Cd2+去除率达86.66%，对Pb2+
的去除率达86.66%。Introduction Atmospheric activities have dramatically raised the atmospheric concentration of pollutants and trace elements in many parts of the world. Although some developed countries such as USA have witnessed some control, atmospheric emissions of pollutants and trace elements are continue to rise in many developing countries including India. Verma (1989) reported 190.0, 120.0, 50.0, 140.0 and 142.0 mg of Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Mn per Kg of atmospheric particulates in the vicinity of an inte
..由于快速的工业化和城市化导致大气中重金属的沉积和粉尘负荷成为一个全球性的问题。我们研究了印度瓦拉纳西城市和郊区的粉尘和重金属(Pb、Cd、Ni、Zn、Mn和Cu)的沉积。采用原子吸收分光光度计对不同采样地点的降尘样品中的重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu进行了测定。平均通量分别为2.882、0.338、2.
。Introduction Water, as ubiquitous on earth as is imperative for life, seems to be loosing its ages old natural purity. Even though water is abundant, the amount of potable fresh water available is a tiny fraction of the total amount of water in the world. Rivers are the most important water resource. Unfortunately, the worldwide rivers are being polluted by indiscriminate disposable of sewage, industrial waste and plethora of human activities, which affects its physico-chemical characterist
..2006年4月至2007年3月，采用1年的理化参数(pH、温度、Free CO2、DO、CO3-、HCO3-、Ca++、Mg++和Cl-)评价了塔威河(J&K)的水质。查谟市区范围内选择了四个抽样站(一至四)。从第1站到第4站，理化参数均在允许范围内，但随污水污染程度的增加呈现出规律性的增加趋势。
Introduction Increasing industrial activities result in deterioration of quality of natural water. Surface water has its own water purification capacity but if ground water once contaminated it can not restore itself again as natural water. The problems of groundwater quality are more acute in the areas, which are densely populated, thickly industrialized and have shallow ground water table. The rapid growth of urbanization further affected the ground water quality due to over exploitation
..采自25 km半径范围内不同地点的地下水样本。古吉拉特邦苏拉特市(印度)。对苏拉特12个采样点的地下水样本进行了物理化学研究。对样品的pH值、颜色、气味、硬度、氯化物、碱度、COD、硫酸盐、TDS、SS、铁、铜、硼和铬进行了实验室测试。将结果与印度医学研究委员会制定的饮用水质量标准进行比较[/p]。
Introduction Sewage is a domestic waste enriched with nutrients and plays vital role in water pollution. Although, application of sewage were reported to be beneficial in increasing crop yield and reduce fertilizer requirement but leads to the accumulation of toxic metals in the soil and ultimately creates health problems.1 The sewage comprises organic, inorganic and biological components. The chemistry of sewage is influenced by the inputs of materials containing minerals, their s
..2007年2月至2008年1月，我们收集并分析了图尔库尔市6个采样点的污水样本——居民区(S1)、商业中心(S2)、贫民窟(S3)、汇合点(S4)、露天排水口(S5)和处理过的污水(S6)。相关系数‘ &导出了一些物理化学参数。结果反映了污水质量的差异很大。该方法的有效性已被证明可以预测qua
..Introduction Metal bearing wastewater may be of known and predictable composition if derived from a single industry, e.g. electroplating wastewaters.1 The approach by many governmental regulators is now to prevent further deterioration of the environment by intercepting toxic metals before they are discharged. It is recognized that new, hopefully more cost-effective, technologies are needed to replace those borrowed primarily from the unit operations of the chemical industry which
..几个电镀行业，包括农业部门行业、污水处理和采矿作业，都产生含有大量有毒重金属的危险废水。这些有毒重金属在人、动物体内的积累会引起许多代谢紊乱。对哈里亚纳邦Karnal、Panipat和Sonepat地区收集的污水、污泥和电镀废水中的重金属浓度进行了估计。用Ato
估算重金属。Introduction Bilaspur is the second largest city of state of Chhattisgarh. The population of the city is around 3 lacs and is located at 25°5'N latitude and 82°25' longitude.¹ The fast pace of industrial and other developmental activities and consequent rapid urban growth have low ever, invariably brought with them unplanned and haphazard human settlements and problem of water supply, sanitation as well as environmental degradation. An under
..四个主要池塘的水样理化质量，即Depotpara, Vinobanagar附近的池塘(S1);托尔瓦旧发电厂附近的池塘(S2);萨尔干达计划生育中心附近的池塘(S3);在2007年1月至2007年12月期间，对比拉斯布尔市Devnandannagar (S4)附近的池塘进行了月度评估。对收集的水样进行物理化学特性分析，包括温度、pH值、电导率、浊度、总固体、总D
。Introduction Cholera has historically been occurred in periodic epidemic form limited to few developing and under developing countries, namely Bangladesh, India, countries in Africa and South America. V.cholerae is known to be an autochthonous inhabitant of brackish water and estuarine system. Among more than 200 serogroups of V.cholerae so far identified,1 only O1 and O139 have caused epidemic cholera.2-5 The other serogroups of V.cholerae collectively referred to as non-
..产毒霍乱弧菌是霍乱的病原，霍乱是一种急性脱水腹泻，在许多发展中国家以流行形式发生。水生生态系统是产毒霍乱弧菌的主要栖息地，它与各种非生物和生物因素相互作用以生存。为了认识霍乱弧菌的季节性、地方性和遗传变异，有必要了解霍乱弧菌与水生生态系统中生物和非生物因素的相互作用。这个< / p > . .
Introduction Aurangabad district of Maharashtra has four main industrial areas Chikalthana, Waluj, Shendra and Paithan. These area posses large numbers of industrial units. Due to rapid industrialization at Aurangabad, large quantity of industrial waste are generated which contains toxic pollutants1 deteriorates the quality of water. Industrial units specially chemical manufacturing whose untreated and partially treated effluents are discharged to different nallah, through small stream or gut
..目前的调查涉及对马哈拉施特拉邦奥兰加巴德区工业区及其周围用于各种家庭用途的井水样本的研究。对所选井水的理化参数进行了评价，结果表明，水样受到污染，大部分样品的E.C、TDS、硬度、Ca++、Mg++和COD值均超过饮用允许值。据观察，污染的主要来源是工业废水，m
…Introduction Fertilizers are the organic or inorganic materials of natural or synthetic origin which are added to the soil to supply certain elements essential to the growth of plants. In order to supply the nutrients in a readily available from to the plants, fertilizers and manures are used. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are required by the plants in large amounts and are therefore designated as major or primary nutrients. In phosphate fertilizers, phosphorus is present in the form of
..通过大量使用肥料，绿色革命已经成功地增加了农业产量，但是玉米和植物生长的土地已经变得面目全非。在不计代价生产更多粮食的竞赛中，印度等国的土壤严重恶化。工业化、城市化和基础设施的发展在很大程度上减少了农业用地，这将通过过度使用肥料来弥补。农作物按
..Introduction Water is the most fundamental element for life, as survival is impossible without it. Mostly the ground water contains different kinds of chemical constituents. The kinds and amount of constituents depend upon the geo-chemical environment, movement and sources of water. The concentration of dissolved constituents in groundwater is comparatively higher than surface water. The quality of ground water depends on various chemical constituents and their concentration, which is mostl
..对凯thal镇内及周边各地点的地下水进行了分析，分析报告水质参数pH、EC、Cl-、TDS、Ca2+、Mg2+、硬度等均在WHO和ICMR规定的最大允许范围内。除了DO等少数参数外，很少有样本的DO低于允许水平，但该值对饮用用水没有任何影响。< / p > . .
水污染是对健康生活的威胁。大规模的工业化和杀虫剂的使用是水的物理化学特性发生变化的原因。本研究的目的是检测在萨特纳地区水中发现的不同类型的微量金属。为此，本地区的矿产资源考虑在根水平
..Introduction As in any country, the industrial growth in India has been currently boosted of to substantially enhance the economic growth. Without implementation of regulatory control measures for effluent quality. Industries in Chikalthana and waluj of Aurangabad industrial area gives off effluents rich in organic, inorganic1 contents as well as heavy metal have been found to result in toxic effect on near by environment .Heavy metal2 enter in human body by different path way and cause har
..地下水资源质量的变化与污染物的存在和浓度有关，特别是砷、镉、铬、铜、锌、铅、汞和镍等重金属已知具有非生源效应。研究了奥兰加巴德工业区地下水中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、Ni的存在及浓度。
Introduction Heavy metals are common pollutants found in various industrial effluents. The stricter environment regulation on the discharge of heavy metal it is necessary to develop various technologies for removal. Waste streams containing low to medium level of heavy metals are often encountered in metal plating facilities, electroplating, mining operation, fertilizer, battery, manufacture, dyestuffs, chemical pharmaceutical, electronic device manufactures and many others. Most of heavy m
..采用批处理法研究了天然沸石和改性沸石对废水中铬、钴和镉的影响。采用HCl和HNO3对斜沸石型合成/天然沸石进行预处理，提高其对重金属的吸附能力。测定了天然改性沸石对铬、钴、镉等重金属的去除效率和动力学。吸附动力学表明吸附过程
。Introduction Many of us treat water as a commodity, plentiful and relatively in expensive. But from global perspective, usable clean water is considered as a “scarce” resource. Contamination of ground water and economic development always contribute for the pollution of ground water. Therefore it is essential to have the protection and management of the ground water. Ramanathapuram is in the southeast part of Tamilnadu and it is one of the important pilgrim centres in sout
..测定了ramnard市及其周边10个采样点地下水的理化参数。分析结果与ISI和WHO的标准值进行了比较。结果表明，从总溶解固形物、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、K+、Cl-和SO42-离子的含量来看，10份样品中有5份不适合饮用。在ramnard镇采集的样本中，总大肠菌群和粪便大肠菌群的数量也非常高。< / p > . .
Introduction Water resources are essential for existence and development of the global community. The Mineral components present in water are directly related to agricultural utilisation and its parameters value decides the suitability of water for agriculture purpose. To control the water quality for health &hygienic point of view the present study of Kaliyasot dam water has been done during 2006-07 The Kaliasot dam based on Kaliasot River that is a tributary of River Betwa. Kal
..对水资源的规模、分布和利用范围进行评价是十分重要的。从公共卫生的角度来看，了解工业、灌溉和家庭等各种用途目前和未来对水的需求也很重要。在本研究中，我们试图对kalasot大坝的水质进行评价。在2007-08年的季风季节，冬季和夏季。样品来自不同的
..Introduction Water, after air is the second most essential and vital component for the survival of all types of living beings. Water, like air and food is a basic human need without which no life can be sustained. The surface water resources catered for a long time a substantial amount of requirements for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. However, the growing population explosion, the rapid industrial growth and extensive cultivation of large areas have created a shortage of e
..安全饮水是每个人的首要需求。水中溶解的一些离子在适当的浓度下对人体是必需的，而浓度过高则会对人体健康产生不利影响。从Bhitarwar镇和附近村庄(Gwalior区)采集了10个水样。一些参数在国际卫生组织和世界卫生组织规定的允许范围内，而另一些则超出了限制。离子浓度以mg/L表示。< / p > . .
Introduction Total dissolved solids also called total filterable residue is a measure of the water C™s content of various dissolved materials. Water with no dissolved solids usually has a flat taste, whereas water with more than 500 mg/l TDS usually has a disagreeably strong taste. Depending on the chemical nature f the dissolved solids, reverse osmosis or lime soda softening may be used to reduce TDS content. Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural runoff, leac
..纯水的硬度很低，因为水中溶解的离子很少。没有溶解固体的水通常味道平淡，而tds超过500mg/l的水味道不佳。工业废水中溶解的离子较多，其硬度很高，会出现较多的可溶性物质。硬水阻碍了肥皂和洗涤剂的清洁作用，造成了额外的工作和清洁剂的费用。此外，如果硬的
…Introduction Sailu is considered to be the oldest and religious city in parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra, Sailu city is situated near Dudhana river. A Femous Temple of "Keshavraj Babasaheb Maharaj" is situated in middle of sailu city. Who was Guru of Shirdis Sai baba. The residents of Sailu tehsil usually use water form bore-well for drinking and domestic purposes.There is a huge variation in the concentration of dirrrent species due to factors like
..2007年4月至2007年4月，对塞鲁特希尔不同地点的30个地下水样本进行了分析研究。对温度、pH、电导率、总溶解固形物(TDS)、总碱度(TA)、总硬度(TH)、氯化物(Cl-)、硫酸盐(SO42-)、钙(Ca2+)、镁(Mg2+)、钠(Na+)、钾(K+)、溶解氧(DO)、浊度(TUB)等水质参数进行了研究，并对结果进行了讨论。< / p > . .
Introduction Taxonomically, soils of Madhya Pradesh are divided into four orders such as Inceptisols (27.65%), Entisols (12.97%), Vertisols (52.57%) and Mollisols (0.41%). This shows that soils of MP are rich vertisol type. The vertisol/black cotton soil is originated from lation word verto which means turn (Murthy et al., 1982). This order of mineral soils is characterized by high content of swelling type clays, which in dry seasons cause the soils to develop deep, wide cracks. The water h
..目前的研究是朝着可持续农业实践迈出的一步。对垂直土壤pH、电导率、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、速效硫、锌含量、有机碳含量和有机质等化学性质的观测结果表明，施用不同IPNM处理对大豆和小麦生长不同阶段的土壤化学性质均有显著改善。以
效果最好。Introduction The crucial role ground water plays as a decentralized source of drinking water for millions of rural and urban families can not be overstated. According to some estimates, it accounts for nearly 80% of the rural domestic water needs, and 50% of the urban water needs in India. Ground water is generally less suspectable to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies. But in India, where ground water is used intensively for irrigation for agricultural purpos
..本文报道了恰蒂斯加尔邦科尔巴工业区地下饮用水的理化特征分析。本研究分析了2006年1月至2007年12月从科尔巴及其周边工业区的四个采样站收集的季度物理化学数据。分析结果显示，2007年4月在巴德拉帕拉发现水样的电导率高达547.20微毫微/厘米。最大值
..Introduction "Pollution by metal is a great sin a man is doing against nature” (Kudesia 1985). Heavy metal in Ganga river have been reported Mathur etal (1987), Saikia etal.(1988), Prasad etal(1989), Chaudhary and Dutta (1980), Singh etal (1992). Out of 118 elements 83 are metals (Atomic number is above 23, mass density more than 5) in which 17 may be toxic at different concentration. Toxic metals change the biological structure and system in the body and they effect on e
..本文讨论了镍(一种有毒重金属)浓度的影响，以及用二甲基乙氧肟法测定水和废水中镍的含量。镍在碱性氧化剂存在下与二甲基乙氧肟反应，形成特有的红色配合物，用目测和光度法测定。< / p > . .
Introduction The paper mills generate large quantity of effluents as a consequence of pulping and bleaching processes. Most of the paper mills use non-wood (bamboo, baggage and straw etc.) Hard wood, (Casuarina, Eucalyptus etc.) and soft wood as fibrous raw material for paper manufacturing. The paper mills extract the cellulose fiber from the above raw materials in the pulping process. During this pulping process a large quantity of black liquor is generated. The main constituent of whic
..研究了以精梳机和棉绒为原料的造纸厂造纸工艺的废水分析。收集了不同阶段产生的废水。并收集了不同磨段回收的纤维污泥样品。测定了碱度、硬度、硫酸盐、氯化物、磷酸盐、钠、钾、铁、铜、镍、汞等无机参数。未经处理和处理的重金属含量
。Introduction Ever increasing growth of industrialization causes gigantic problem of environmental pollution.The large volume of water consumed by Indian industries for various processes and the discharging of effluents done on to adjoining areas creates pollution. Industrial effluent is a complex liquid flowing out of the mill in enormous quantities. The quantities required represent the requirement of nearly 4000 per ton per day. These liquid effluents contain higher concentration of organ
..随着环境污染日益严重，它已成为一个令人非常关注的问题。主要的有毒污染物之一来自造纸业。它直接或间接地以这样或那样的形式污染环境。制浆助剂，如醌类助剂，已被用于碱法制浆的实验工作。iomoea Carnea Jacq (besram)。本文对diff
废水的化学分析进行了深入的研究。Introduction Water is most essential to life next to air only. The two main sources of natural water are underground and surface water. Ground is essential for health, society and sustainable developments. The natural quality of groundwater tends to be degraded by human activities. Pollution is one of the major problems of the environment today almost every aspect of life poses healthy risks introduction of massive quantities of waste materials at any point in the biosphere may overload it
..地下水是灌溉、工业和饮用用水最重要的水源。地下水的自然质量有因人类活动而退化的趋势。地下水的物理和化学质量受到工业活动和人类活动的影响。在冬季(2008年1月)，从达布拉瓜廖尔(M.P.)的pichoore收集了06个水样。离子浓度以mg/L表示。< / p > . .
Introduction Now a days the accelerated pace of development rapid industrilisation and population density have increased the demand of water. Ground water a gift of nature is the major source of drinking water both urban and rural India. Besides it is an important source of water for the Agriculture and industrial sector. Today Human activities are constantly adding Industrial domestic and Agriculutral waste to ground water reservoirs at an alarming rate. The quality of water is a vital co
..2007财政年度进行了地下水水质监测。从一些手动泵和管井中收集了水样，并按照APHA 1995年的标准方法对所有相关参数进行了分析，讨论了结果对人类健康的可能影响。< / p > . .
Introduction The efforts to supplement available water resources in many parts of the world have resulted in the increased use of effluents for irrigation. In areas where fresh water is limited, the use of effluents for agricultural purpose has been in common practice in the last few decads.1 One of the potential side effects of this practice is long term deterioration of ground water quality, as this effluent contains characteristics ionic composition, high organic matter and pH.
..生物生存的环境对生物的行为有着深远的影响。温度和pH值是控制微生物生长和活动的两个主要非生物因素。微生物分泌许多降解酶来降解废物。微生物还具有吸附重金属等污染物的能力。本文对不同环境下的工业废水和池塘废水进行了微生物分析。真菌菌群存在于
..Introduction Of the ninety species of Indian Cladocera reported so far, the aspects of the biology of six species have been investigated from this country (Michael and Sharma, 1982). All these studies are restricted to females. The biology of male Daphnia lumholtzi Sars. has been reported for the first time from India by Das et al., (1981). Afterwards Venkataraman and Krishnaswamy ((1984) reported the occurrence and description of male of Daphnia projecta from the Southern Tamilnadu. Likewise
..在印度查谟亚热带地区首次记录到一种枝大洋甲壳类水蚤(Daphnia similis)雄性的出现，从而完成了该物种的描述。< / p > . .
塞卢被认为是马哈拉施特拉邦马拉特瓦达地区帕尔巴尼地区最古老的宗教城市，塞卢市位于杜达纳河附近。著名的“Keshavraj Babasaheb maharaj”神庙。位于赛璐市的中心。Who was Guru of Shirdis Sai baba. The residents of Sailu tehsil usually use water form bore-well for drinking and domestic purposes. There is a huge variation in the concentration of dirrrent species due to factors like depth,diffrent l
..采用离子选择电极法测定了帕尔巴尼地区赛鲁特希尔不同地点30份地下水的氟化物浓度。结合研究区污染现状，对研究结果进行了讨论。< / p > . .
与其他陆地生物相比，人类需要更多的水。因此，伟大的人类文明在淡水水体附近发展起来。Therefore the aspect of water use, as every one have become aware of water as a limited natural resources as precious if not yet as scared as gold or oil. The Pond is selected in the outskirts of village Newara, which is 22 km. away from Bilaspur towards Bilaspur-Kota road. The present study reveals the assessment of pond water in Ne
..本研究通过分析Newara村池塘的理化特征来评价其水质。测定了温度、pH、氯化物、总硬度、DO、BOD、COD等理化参数的取值。表中总结了这些参数的值，显示了浮游植物全年的巨大增长。< / p > . .
Introduction Ground water is considered to be safe when compared to surface water and accounts for maximum share of drinking water supply. Ground water is also an important source for agriculture and industry. It is less prone to contamination but normally having high mineral content, still an important water resource compared to surface water. However, excessive uses of chemicals and fertilizers have increases the risk of ground water contamination¹ that wound affect ecosystem.&
..地下水被认为是相对清洁和无污染的地表水。长期排放生活污水和固体废物导致地下水受到污染，对健康造成危害，但《国家水政策》(2002年)规定，“应向城市和农村地区的全体人口提供充足的清洁水”。因此，从5个选定地区15个地点的地下水样本，即Kadaba, Kallambella, Honnudike, Hebbur
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