Introduction Many heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu) occur in nature in ore deposits.1,2 These metals are released through leaching and weathering into the aquatic environment. Thus, areas characterized by metal bearing formation are expected to have elevated levels of metals in water and sediment. If mining operations are carried out in such areas, discharges and fallout from the industry would lead to further pollution.

Introduction Water plays a vital role in living organisms in river water. The discharge of pollutants in river water is beyond limit and more than the self-purification capacity of river. Almost all rivers in India are affected due to pollution and reached a crisis point, and Godavari is not escaped from it. Origin of Godavari river is Bramhagiri at Trimbakeshwar in Nashik District of Maharashtra and the river flows through the central part or the Naded District from west to east further of

Introduction Iron is the most used of all the metals in several fields of industry. Iron and similar metals can be exposed to corrosion in connection with environmental conditions. The corrosion rate varies subject to structure of ions and molecules, kind of ion, concentration of ion, kind of solution and kind of materials.1,2 Especially in environments containing Cl- ions, corrosion of metals is unavoidable, as Cl- ion is an active one, it forces oxide formation on metal surface. Th

Introduction Upper lake is naturally situated in the Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh (India). Catchment area of Upper Lake is 31 sq.km. Fresh water is one of the most important and basic natural resources. The quality of any water body and suitability for drinking purpose can be assessed with the help of various water parameters. The concentration of these parameters are well explains the quality of water and the pollution level. The effect of heavy metal in aquatic system de

Introduction The continually increasing demand for water for beneficial purposes has forced man to assess and examine water reuse technologies more seriously than ever. Regardless of origin, industrial wastewater, after proper treatment, represents another ample and reusable water source. Water pollution due to toxic heavy metals has been a major cause of concern to scientists and engineers. Several mishaps due to heavy metal contamination in aquatic environment increased the awareness a

Introduction Petroleum Compounds are considered among the most serious environmental threats to human health. Laboratory personnel that deal with cutback asphalt in asphalt paving operations are exposed to a wide range of potentially harmful hazardous substances. Their exposure is caused by either or both inhalation and dermal contact (Burstyn et al., 2000; Reink et al., 2000). These vapours and fumes produced from Bitumen samples, consist essentially of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and

Introduction Ground water is still the most preferred water source in the third world countries. Once believed to be safe from contamination as it resides many strata below the surface, has now been proved to be prone to pollution by several researches across the world. The contamination of groundwater may be due to improper disposal of domestic and industrial wastewaters. In urban centers the ground water is exposed to more threat than in rural areas. The main source of drinking water arou

Introduction Water is the basic necessity of life, not only for human beings, but also for plants and animals. Scientists estimate that water covers nearly three fourth of earth’s surface in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, snow, glaciers and ground water. Though this seems an inordinately huge amount; in actual fact, less than one percent is fresh and usable found in lakes, ponds, rivers and ground water. There are some ways in which bodies of water get polluted; discharge of u

Introduction Water, next to air is a vital natural resource responsible for the existence and development of life on the earth, even though our country is one of the wettest country of the world and has substantial fresh water resource, there is a chronic shortage of safe water specially in some of major towns where urbanization has taken place. The shortage varies from mild to acute depending upon the geographical, topographical, climate, hydrogeological and other factors. The area chosen

Introduction Monocrotophos is a broadspectrum organophosphorus insecticide used against a wide range of insect pests of a variety of crops. It is one of the highly toxic agricultural chemicals with wide variation in toxicity between different species of fishes (Janardhan et al., 1986). The widespread use of monocrotophos results in extensive aquatic contamination by its application intentionally for control of insects and unintentionally by drift of aerial spray, watershed drainage or accid

Introduction Heavy metals are integral components of drinking water and have an important role in ascertaining the quality of drinking water for the drinking purpose. The amounts of the heavy metals should be adequately and as per the guidelines values provided by World Health Organization. Among the heavy metals Iron is an essential element.1,2 It is contained in a number of biologically significant proteins, for example, hemoglobin and cytochromes, and also in many oxidation-r

对生态系统中浮游生物的了解是至关重要的。浮游动物是水生系统中微小的自由游动的动物成分。它们由广泛的分类类群代表，其中原生动物、轮虫目、枝目和桡足目是最常见的，并且经常在整个消费群落中占主导地位。在所有水生生态系统中，浮游动物在二级营养水平的能量传递中起着重要作用。螺栓< / p > . .

本区主要排水。多达河是由钱德拉河和巴加河汇流而成的奇纳布河。Chenab河的其他支流是Neeru河，Kalnei河，Chatroo河，Bishleri河及其支流。本研究从2003年1月至2004年12月对比什列里河进行了为期两年的分站研究。共记录到16属浮游动物，其中有08属

Introduction The knowledge of plankton, available in an ecosystem, is of fundamental importance. Phytoplankton are the chlorophyll bearing suspended microscopic organisms consisting of algae with representatives from all major taxonomic phyla; majority of the members belong to chlorophyceae, cyanophyceae and bacillario-phyceae. The quality and quantity of phytoplankton and their seasonal succession patterns have been utilized to assess the quality of water. Phytoplankton encountered in a wa

Introduction Chemicals are used increasingly in domestic and non-technical environments, where their safe handing is no longer solely the concern of qualified chemists. For instance, consider the use of domestic cleaners, solvents and detergents, weed killers and pesticides and proprietary medicines. There are a no. of chemicals in the environment, some of these are toxic and rest are non-toxic. The toxic chemicals are discharged by industries into air, water and soil. They get into the hum

Introduction Lead (Plumbum) Pb-82, a bluish-grey metal, mp 3270 C. It is so soft and can be cut easily with a knife. When heated with air or oxygen it forms litharge and red lead. With water it forms slightly soluble lead hydroxide which is poisonous in nature. Several brands of shampoos contain lead sulphide to give hair a dark hue. Worley etal (1968) reported 88% PbS in mascara, face powder, pastes and liquids also contain 65% lead, paints, welding stainless steal, glass, fabr